Session One

Question 1

What prevents tissues from rotting

Answer 1

Formalin

Question 2

What do you use to embed tissue in to allow it be sliced thinly ?

Answer 2

Melted paraffin that sets hard when cooled

Question 3

Two types of stains

Answer 3

Haemotoxylin and Eosin

Question 4

This stain is blue and stains the nucleus strongly

Answer 4

Haemotoxylin

Question 5

This stain is pink and stains the cytoplasm and ECM strongly

Answer 5

Eosin

Question 6

How do you prepares Frozen section

Answer 6

1. Freeze surgical specimen immediately at -20 to -30
2. Use microtome part of the cryostat ( microtome in freezer) to cut the specimen into thin pieces
3. Stain using eosin and haemotoxylin

Question 7

Normal body temperature range ?

Answer 7

36.1 - 37.2

Question 8

Core temperature is ?

Answer 8

Temperature of the internal environment

Question 9

Hypothermia occurs below what temperature ?

Answer 9

35 degrees

Question 10

What are monoclonal antibodies

Answer 10

Antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell

Question 11

What are humanised monoclonal antibodies ?

Answer 11

Human antibody plus rat monoclonal antibody which does the binding to the antigen

Question 12

Integumentary means ?

Answer 12

Protect the body from various kinds of damage

Question 13

Difference between Gout and Pseudogout ?

Answer 13

Gout is usually in the big toe and knee ; it is an accumulation of monosodium urate monohydrate crystals.

Pseudogout is usually in the knee and is an accumulation of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals

Question 14

Confocal microscopy resembles the imaging process in computed axial tomography scanning ?

Answer 14

True

Question 15

What is immunohistochemistry

Answer 15

It is the process of detecting antigens in cells of a tissue section by exploiting the fact that antibodies bind to specific antigens

Question 16

Immunocytochemistry

Answer 16

Range of laboratory techniques used to detect location of antigens

Question 17

Autoradiography:

Answer 17

Photographic emulsion is used to visualise molecules labelled with a radioactive marker

Question 18

Light microscopy

Answer 18

1000x magnification and 0.2 micrometers between points

Question 19

A good resolution must have :

Answer 19

High frequency and short wavelengths

Question 20

Three types of electron microscopy

Answer 20

Transmission, freeze fracture and scanning

Question 21

Explain TEM

Answer 21

Electron beam is generated in a vacuum and the beams pass through the tissue.

Dark - beam has been absorbed or scattered
Light - bean has passed through

Question 22

TEM magnification and resolution ?

Answer 22

Magnification - 250,000

Resolution - 1 nanometer

Question 23

Light microscope resolution and magnification

Answer 23

Resolution - 0.2 micrometers

Magnification - x1000

Question 24

Freeze fracture is … ?

Answer 24

When you freeze the sample at -160 and use a knife edge to fracture it.

The fracture line passes through the plasma membrane exposing the interior

( looks metallic )

Question 25

Explain SEM

Answer 25

Electrons are reflected and received by a Cathie ray tube. This is the most detailed and it can be coloured

Question 26

NMR spectroscopy means

Answer 26

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Question 27

MRI stand for

Answer 27

Magnetic resonance imaging

Question 28

Explain NMR Spectroscopy

Answer 28

Magnetic fields around an atom in a molecule changes the resonant frequency and gives details of the electronic structure of a molecule.