Set 1 Flashcards
間違い (まちがい), ミス (みす)
(a/the) mistake
大きな間違い (おおきなまちがい), 大きなミス (おおきなみす)
(a/the) big mistake
脱線する (だっせんする) (suru-verb)
to derail
為る (する) (suru-verb)
to do something, to carry something out, to perform something (a task)
来る (くる) (kuru-verb), 來る (くる) (kuru-verb)
to come, to come back, to come to be, to come from, to be caused by, to do (something) and come back, to come to (to refer to - like “en cuanto a”)
勉強する (べんきょうする) (suru-verb)
to study something
書く (かく) (u-verb)
to write something, to compose something, to pen something (write something), to draw something, to paint something
散歩する (さんぽする) (suru-verb)
to walk, to stroll
段動詞 (いちだんどうし)
(a/the) one-form verb (verb with infinitive ending in -eru or -iru - base stays the same when conjugated)
話す (はなす) (u-verb)
to speak, to converse, to chat, to speak a language, to narrate, to explain
買う (かう) (u-verb)
to buy something, to purchase something, to value something, to have a high opinion of something, to provoke something, to stir something (provoke something)
読む (よむ) (u-verb)
to read something (general or thoughts), to recite something, to chant something, to predict something, to guess something, to forecast something, to see something (eg into someone’s heart), to divine something, to decipher something, to count something, to estimate something
飛ぶ (とぶ) (u-verb)
to fly, to soar, to jump (general OR topics when talking), to leap, to spring, to bound, to spatter, to scatter, to splash, to fly (eg of sparks/catcalls/rumors), to hurry, to rush, to flee, to run off, to escape, to disappear, to vanish, to fade, to thin out, to break off, to come off, to fall off, to blow (of a fuse), to be sent out (of an order), to come flying (of a punch/kick/etc), to be missing (of a page/stitch/etc)
五段動詞 (ごだんどうし)
(a/the) five-form verb (verb ending in U whose final letter changes to A, E, I, or O when conjugated)
寝る (ねる) (ru-verb), 眠る (ねむる) (u-verb)
to sleep
寝る (ねる) (ru-verb)
to sleep, to go to bed, to lie in bed, to lie down, to sleep with someone, to lie flat (eg of hair), to lie idle (of funds/stock/etc), to ferment
眠る (ねむる) (u-verb)
to sleep, to die, to rest (die), to lie (buried), to lie idle (eg of resources), to lie unused, to lie untapped, to lie untouched
着る (きる) (ru-verb)
to wear something, to put something on, to take something (blame/responsibility), to bear something (blame/responsibility)
死ぬ (しぬ) (u-verb)
to die, to pass away, to lose spirit, to lose vigor, to look dead, to cease, to stop
答える (こたえる) (ru-verb)
to answer, to reply (both intransitive)
出来る (できる) (ru-verb)
to be able to do something, to be up to the task, to be ready, to be completed, to be made, to be built, to be good at something, to be permitted to do something, to become intimate, to take up (with someone), to grow, to be raised (eg of crops), to become pregnant (all usually written just with hiragana)
丁寧語 (ていねいご)
polite language (masu and desu forms; used with people you aren’t intimate with and people socially higher than you)
masu form (ます) - formal present, future
U-verbs: change the u-kana to the corresponding i-kana and attach ます to the verb stem (話す becomes 話します)
Ru-verbs: attach ます to the verb stem (食べる becomes 食べます)
Irregular verbs: attach ます to the verb stem (勉強する becomes 勉強します)
masen form (ません) - formal negative present, future
U-verbs: change the u-kana to the corresponding i-kana and attach ません to the verb stem (話す becomes 話しません)
Ru-verbs: attach ません to the verb stem (食べる becomes 食べません)
Irregular verbs: attach ません to the verb stem (勉強する becomes 勉強しません)
mashita form (ました) - formal past
U-verbs: change the u-kana to the corresponding i-kana and attach ました to the verb stem (描く becomes 描きました)
Ru-verbs: attach ました to the verb stem (食べる becomes 食べました)
Irregular verbs: attach ました to the verb stem (勉強する becomes 勉強しました)
描く (えがく or かく) (u-verb), 画く (えがく or かく) (u-verb)
to draw something, to paint something, to sketch something, to depict something, to describe something, to imagine something
masendeshita form (ませんでした) - formal negative past
U-verbs: change the u-kana to the corresponding i-kana and attach ませんでした to the verb stem (描く becomes 描きませんでした)
Ru-verbs: attach ませんでした to the verb stem (食べる becomes 食べませんでした)
Irregular verbs: attach ませんでした to the verb stem (勉強する becomes 勉強しませんでした)
終止形 (しゅうしけい), 辞書形 (じしょけい)
the plain form, the dictionary form (form of Japanese verb listed in dictionary) - use is colloquial (family/friends/very close colleagues only); usually write in plain form UNLESS writing is addressed to a specific reader (use plain form for newspapers, academic papers, informative documents, etc.); expresses simple declarative sentences in present + future
吸う (すう) (u-verb), 喫う (すう) (u-verb)
to smoke something, to breathe something in, to inhale something, to suck something, to sip something, to slurp something, to absorb something, to soak something up, to kiss someone/something
脱ぐ (ぬぐ) (u-verb)
to take something off (clothing), to undress
待つ (まつ) (u-verb), 俟つ (まつ) (u-verb)
to wait (intransitive or transitive - for something), to await something, to look forward to something, to anticipate something, to depend on something, to need something
呼ぶ (よぶ) (u-verb), 喚ぶ (よぶ) (u-verb)
to call out to someone, to call someone/something, to invoke someone/something, to summon someone (eg a doctor), to invite someone, to designate something, to name something (designate), to brand something (designate), to garner something (eg support), to gather something (eg support), to take someone as one’s wife (archaic meaning)
料理する (りょうりする) (suru-verb)
to cook something, to easily deal with something, to handle something well
nai form - negative plain form; same uses/audience as plain form
U-verbs:
- U-vowel changes to A (話す becomes 話さない)
- Words that end with U replace う with わ (吸う becomes 吸わない)
Ru-verbs: attach ない to the verb stem (食べる becomes 食べない)
Irregular verbs:
- する becomes しない (勉強する becomes 勉強しない)
- くる becomes こない (くる becomes こない)
ta form - plain past affirmative; same audience as plain form
U-verbs:
- if the last hiragana is う,つ, or る, add った to the verb stem (笑う becomes 笑った)
- if the last hiragana is む, ぶ, or ぬ, add んだ to the verb stem (読む becomes 読んだ)
- if the last hiragana is く, add いた to the verb stem (行く becomes 行った)
- if the last hiragana is ぐ, add いだ to the verb stem (泳ぐ becomes 泳いだ)
- if the last hiragana is す, add した to the verb stem (隠す becomes 隠した)
Ru-verbs: attach た to the verb stem (食べる becomes 食べた)
Irregular verbs:
- する: attach た to the verb stem (勉強する becomes 勉強した)
- くる: attach た to the verb stem (くる becomes 来た)
笑う (わらう) (u-verb), 嗤う (わらう) (u-verb), 咲う (わらう) (u-verb), 哂う (わらう) (u-verb)
to laugh, to smile, to sneer, to ridicule, to be dumbfounded, to be flabbergasted
泳ぐ (およぐ) (u-verb), 游ぐ (およぐ) (u-verb)
to swim, to struggle through a crowd, to make one’s way through the world, to get along (in life), to totter, to lose one’s balance
隠す (かくす) (u-verb), 隠くす (かくす) (u-verb), 匿す (かくす) (u-verb), 隱す (かくす) (u-verb)
to hide something, to conceal something
nakatta form - plain past negative; same audience as plain form
start from nai form stem and add katta
U-verbs:
- U-vowel changes to A, then add なかった (話す becomes 話さなかった)
- Words that end with U replace う with わ, then add なかった (笑う becomes 笑わなかった)
Ru-verbs: attach なかった to the verb stem (食べる becomes 食べなかった)
Irregular verbs:
- する: attach なかった to the verb stem (勉強する becomes 勉強しなかった)
- くる: change く to こ and attach なかった (くる becomes こなかった)
食事 (しょくじ)
(a/the) meal, (a/the) dinner, (a/the) diet
affirmative te form - connect clauses (e.g. list successive actions or show causality between events) OR make polite requests; te-form verbs end subordinate clauses, but when speaking may be used to trail off
same as ta form but ending with te instead of ta
U-verbs:
- if the last hiragana is う,つ, or る, add って to the verb stem (吸う becomes 吸って)
- if the last hiragana is む, ぶ, or ぬ, add んで to the verb stem (読む becomes 読んで)
- if the last hiragana is く, add いて to the verb stem (行く becomes 行って)
- if the last hiragana is ぐ, add いで to the verb stem (泳ぐ becomes 泳いで)
- if the last hiragana is す, add して to the verb stem (隠す becomes 隠して)
Ru-verbs: attach て to the verb stem (食べる becomes 食べて)
Irregular verbs:
- する: attach て to the verb stem (勉強する becomes 勉強して)
- くる: attach て to the verb stem (くる becomes きて)
negative te form - same uses as affirmative te form
U-verbs: start with nai form but change ない to なくて (話す has the nai form 話さない which becomes 話さなくて )
Ru-verbs: attach ないで to the verb stem (食べる becomes 食べないで)
Irregular verbs:
- する: attach ないで to the verb stem (する becomes しないで)
- くる: change く to こ and attach ないで to the verb stem (くる becomes こないで)
affirmative ba form - general conditional often used to give/ask for advice or express regret; cannot express intention (e.g. commands, requests, invitations, wishes)
U-verbs:
- if the last hiragana is う,つ, or る, add えば to the verb stem (吸う becomes 吸えば)
- if the last hiragana is む, ぶ, or ぬ, add めば to the verb stem (読む becomes 読めば)
- if the last hiragana is く, add いけば to the verb stem (行く becomes 行けば)
- if the last hiragana is ぐ, add げば to the verb stem (泳ぐ becomes 泳げば)
- if the last hiragana is す, add せば to the verb stem (隠す becomes 隠せば)
Ru-verbs: attach れば to the verb stem (食べる becomes 食べれば)
Irregular verbs:
- する: attach れば to the verb stem (す) (こうする becomes こうすれば)
- くる: change く to こ and attach れば to the verb stem (くる becomes これば)
なければならない
to have to, to ought to, must, should
抗する (こうする) (suru-verb)
to resist (intransitive), to defy (intransitive)
negative ba form - rarely used outside of idiomatic expressions
U-verbs: start with nai form, drop the い, and attach ければ to the verb stem (話す becomes 話さなければ)
Ru-verbs: attach なければ to the verb stem (食べる becomes 食べなければ)
Irregular verbs:
- する: attach なければ to the verb stem (勉強する becomes 勉強しなければ)
- くる: change く to こ and attach なければ to the verb stem (くる becomes こなければ)
affirmative tara form - conditional “if” with focus on what happens after condition is realized (or not), can express what will happen in the future if conditions are met, also expresses unrealistic propositions
U-verbs:
- if the last hiragana is う,つ, or る, add ったら to the verb stem (吸う becomes 笑ったら)
- if the last hiragana is む, ぶ, or ぬ, add んだら to the verb stem (読む becomes 読んだら)
- if the last hiragana is く, add いたら to the verb stem (行く becomes 行ったら)
- if the last hiragana is ぐ, add いだら to the verb stem (泳ぐ becomes 泳いだら)
- if the last hiragana is す, add したら to the verb stem (隠す becomes 隠したら)
Ru-verbs: add たら to the verb stem (食べる becomes 食べたら)
Irregular verbs:
- する: add たら to the verb stem (する becomes したら)
- くる: add たら to the verb stem (くる becomes きたら)
negative tara form - same uses as affirmative tara form
U-verbs: start with なかった form and add ら (話す becomes 話さなかったら)
Ru-verbs: add なかったら to the verb stem (食べる becomes 食べなかったら)
Irregular verbs:
- する: add なかったら to the verb stem (する becomes しなかったら)
- くる: add なかったら to the verb stem (くる becomes こなかったら)
imperative form - considered rude, mostly used by authority figures and on public road signs, limited to extreme contexts when you must give orders + have no time for politeness/formality
U-verbs: U becomes E (話す becomes 話せ)
Ru-verbs: る becomes ろ (食べる becomes 食べろ)
Irregular verbs:
- する: add ろ to the verb stem (勉強する becomes 勉強しろ)
- くる: irregular form (くる becomes こい)
止まれ (とまれ)
stop (specifically on road signs)
nasai form - formal command form but be careful not to offend
U-verbs: add なさい to the verb stem (話す becomes 話しなさい)
Ru-verbs: add なさい to the verb stem (食べる becomes 食べなさい)
Irregular verbs:
- する: add なさい to the verb stem (勉強する becomes 勉強しなさい)
- くる: add なさい to the verb stem (くる becomes きなさい)
plain volitional form - suggestions/intention (“let’s”, “shall we”), can also mark that you are making an effort/attempt to do something (e.g. “I’ve decided to”/”I’d like to”)
U-verbs: U becomes O, then add う (話す becomes 話そう)
Ru-verbs: add よう to the verb stem (食べる becomes 食べよう)
Irregular verbs:
- する: add よう to the verb stem (勉強する becomes 勉強しよう)
- くる: change く to こ, then add よう (くる becomes こよう)
formal volitional form - same uses as plain volitional but more formal
U-verbs: add ましょう to the verb stem (話す becomes 話しましょう)
Ru-verbs: add ましょう to the verb stem (食べる becomes 食べましょう)
Irregular verbs:
- する: add ましょう to the verb stem (勉強する becomes 勉強しましょう)
- くる: add ましょう to the verb stem (くる becomes 来ましょう)
皆さん (みなさん)
all, everyone, everybody
potential form - adds “can” form to a verb, particle を becomes が when these verbs are used
U-verbs: U becomes E, then add る (話す becomes 話せる)
Ru-verbs: add られる to the verb stem (食べる becomes 食べられる)
*note: speakers may shorten られる to れる (食べる becomes 食べれる); however, this is colloquial and gramatically incorrect
Irregular verbs:
- する: する becomes できる
- くる: change く to こ, then add られる (くる becomes こられる)
日本語が話せるようになった (にほんごがはなせるようになった)
I can speak Japanese
passive form - used commonly + when the action/consequences are more important than the doer, also used to increase politeness/modesty
U-verbs: U becomes A, then add れる (聞く becomes 聞かれる = was asked)
Ru-verbs: attach られる to the verb stem (食べる becomes 食べられた = was eaten)
Irregular verbs:
- する: add れる to stem される (掃除する becomes 掃除される = is cleaned)
- くる: add られる to stem こ (くる becomes こられる = is visited)
聞く (きく) (u-verb)
to hear something (general or a plea), to listen to something (eg music), to ask something (in legal contexts), to query something (in legal contexts), to hear about/of something, to learn of something, to follow something (advice/orders/etc), to obey something, to comply with something, to grant something, to accept something (eg an argument), to consider something, to smell something (eg incense), to sample something (a fragrance), to taste something (alcohol), to try something (alcohol)
教師は答えを聞かれる
The teacher is asked the answer
掃除する (そうじする) (suru-verb)
to clean something, to sweep something, to dust something, to scrub something
causative form - expresses that you made/let someone do an action or prevented them from doing it (ie you are the cause of something happening/not happening - think in terms of “make” or “let”)
U-verbs: U becomes A, then add せる (話す becomes 話させる)
Ru-verbs: add させる to the verb stem (食べる becomes 食べさせる)
Irregular verbs:
- する: add させる to the verb stem ( 勉強する becomes 勉強させる)
- くる: く becomes こ, then add させる to the verb stem (くる becomes こさせる)
causative passive form - the action of making someone do, letting someone do or preventing someone to do was done to that person; extreme negative connotation because the speaker has no control over the situation; used with verbs like “to recall,” “to feel,” “to conceive,” or “to think” (ie “I am made to think this” type sentences)
U-verbs: U becomes A, then add せられる (思い出す becomes 思い出させられる)
Ru-verbs: add させられる to the verb stem (見せる becomes 見させられる)
Irregular verbs:
- する: add させられる to the verb stem (残業する becomes 残業させられる)
- くる: add させられる to the verb stem (くる becomes 来させられる)
思い出す (おもいだす) (u-verb)
to recall something, to remember something, to recollect something
見せる (みせる) (ru-verb)
to show something, to display something, to make something look (+adjective), to make something entertaining/worth watching, to make a show of doing something (followed by the -te form of a verb), to resolve to do something, to do something at any cost, to show others that one will do something
残業する (ざんぎょうする) (suru-verb)
to work overtime
待つ身は長い (まつみはながい)
a watched pot never boils (time passes very slowly when one is waiting for something to happen if that is the only thing one is thinking about)
勉強しなければならない (べんきょうしなければならない)
I have to study
こうすると
having done this, if this is done, if it is done in this way
教師 (きょうし), 先生 (せんせい), 教員 (きょういん), 教官 (きょうかん)
(a/the) teacher
答え (こたえ), 答 (こたえ), 応え (こたえ), 報え (こたえ)
the answer, the reply, the response, the solution, the result
なくては, 無くては (なくては), ねば, にゃ, ないことには, ない事には (ないことには), 無くちゃ (なくちゃ)
unless (3rd is after -nai stem, 4th is colloquial, 5th and 6th are used with verb stem)
exfoliant
次第 (しだい), 途端に (とたん), や, そばから, や否や (やいなや)
as soon as (1st is after a noun or -masu verb stem, 2nd is after verb past tense, 3rd is after dictionary verb form, 4th is after verb, 5th is after dictionary verb form)
大至急 (だいしきゅう), できるだけ早く (できるだけはやく), 至急 (しきゅう), なる早 (なるはや)
as soon as possible (last is colloquial)