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Set 1 (Repro) Flashcards

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1
Q

Monochorionic diamniotic

A

Day 4-8

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2
Q

Monochorionic monoamniotic

A

Day 8-12

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3
Q

Dichorionic diamniotic

A

Day 0-4

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4
Q

Rubeola: aka

A

Measles

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5
Q

Rubella: aka

A

German Measles

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6
Q

Viral

Maculopapular rashes head & neck –> spread downward

A

Rubeola (Measles)
or
Rubella (German Measles)

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7
Q

Generalized LAD esp. postauricular and occipital

Starting at head and neck –> spread downward

A

Rubella

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8
Q

Rubella: presentation in adult, presentation in baby (if fetal infection)

A

Baby: Sensorineural deafness, cataracts, cardiac malformations (PDA)

Adult: Polyarthritis and polyarthralgia

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9
Q

Baby: malformed teeth (Hutchinson’s incisors, mulberry molars)

A

Congenital syphilis

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10
Q

Congenital rubella syndrome is associated with?

A

Sensorineural deafness
Cataracts
Cardiac malformations (PDA)

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11
Q

Anti-D (Rh) immunoglobulin belongs to which immunoglobulin class?

A

IgG

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12
Q

IgA

A

Mucosal antibody
does NOT fix complement
WEAK opsonizing ability

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13
Q

IgD

A

VERY low cc in body

Co-expressed w/ IgM as B-cell membrane receptor

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14
Q

IgE

A

Allergic responses

Parasite infections

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15
Q

First line tx of HTN in pregnancy

A

Methyldopa

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16
Q

Tx of PID

A

MUST cover both N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis

Thus: 3rd gen cephalosporin (Ceftriaxone) + Azithromycin or Doxycycline

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17
Q

Familial hypercholesterolemia: what type of mutation?

A

Frameshift

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18
Q

Most cases of monosomy X (45X,O = Turner Syndrome) arise due to?

A

Loss of parental X chromosome during MITOSIS

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19
Q

Anesthesia to majority of perineum

A

Pudendal nerve block (intravaginally in region of ischial spine)

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20
Q

Pudendal n.

A

S2-S4
Sensory innervation to perineum and genitals
Motor innervation to urethrae sphincter and external anal sphincter

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21
Q

Genitofemoral n.

A

L1 -L2; on anterior surface of Psoas

Innervates: scrotum/labia majora (genital br.), femoral triangle (femoral br.)

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22
Q

Iliohypogastric n.

A

T12/L1

Innervate: skin overlying iliac crest

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23
Q

Lateral femoral cutaneous n.

A

L2-L3
Deep to inguinal ligament
Innervate: skin of anterolateral thigh

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24
Q

Obturator n.

A

L3-L4

Motor innervation to medial thigh (adductors)

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25
Inferior gluteal nerve
L5-S2 | Motor innervation to gluteus maximus
26
Lymphatic drainage of glans penis or clitoris
Deep inguinal node
27
Superficial inguinal nodes drain?
Nearly all cutaneous structures INFERIOR to ubmilicus (external genitalia, and anus up to pectinate line)
28
External iliac nodes drain?
Superficial and deep inguinal nodes | Deep lymphatics of ABDOMINAL WALL below umbilicus
29
Common iliac nodes drain?
Internal and External iliac node
30
Superficial inguinal node drain into?
Deep inguinal node | External iliac node
31
Breastfeeding: vitamin deficiency
``` Vitamin D (esp. in dark skinned infants) Vitamin K (given parenterally to infants @ birth) ```
32
What causes the LH surge?
High levels of estrogen in the late follicular phase: POSITIVE feedback on LH production
33
Breast: duct distended by pleomorphic, high grade w/ prominent central necrosis. Does NOT extend beyond ductal basal membrane.
DCIS: comedocarcinoma
34
Klinefelter syndrome: this is elevated? this is reduced?
FSH and Estradiol Testosterone is reduced (androsteinedione is variable)
35
Most cases of Down Syndrome arise due to?
Nondisjunction during maternal meiosis II
36
CEA is a serum marker for?
Colorectal and pancreatitic cancers
37
Serum AFP is elevated in?
Yolk sac tumors (nonseminomous testicular germ cell tumor) | Hepatocellular carcinoma
38
DHEA level elevated in?
Excessive production of adrenal androgens (ex: adrenal neoplasia)
39
At ovulation, what type of oocyte, in what stage?
``` Secondary oocyte (23, 2N) Metaphase II ```
40
Tall stature Poorly developed SECONDARY sexual characteristics ATROPHIC testis Infertility
Klinefelters (47, XXY)
41
``` Primary amenorrhoea Short stature Webbed neck Shielded chest "Streaked" ovaries NO secondary sexual characteristics ```
Turner Syndrome (45, XO)
42
Amenorrhoea Hirsutism/Virilization HYPOnatremia/HYPERkalemia
21-OH deficiency
43
47XXX presentation
Slightly decreased IQ | NOT a/w amenorrhoea
44
Primary amenorrhea Absent secondary sexual characteristics Olfactory sensory defect
Kallman's syndrome (diminished synthesis of gonadotropic hormone by AP)
45
Primary amenorrhea | FULLY developed secondary sexual characteristics
Imperforate hymen OR Mullerian duct abnormalities
46
Yellow-green foamy discharge | Motile trophozoites w/ flagellae on wet mount
Trichomonas
47
Positive "whiff" test
Fishy odor on addition of KOH to vaginal discharge | Bacterial vaginosis by Gardnerella vaginalis
48
Clue cells
Bacterial vaginosis | Gardnerella vaginalis
49
Epithelium: | Ovary
Simple cuboidal
50
Epithelium: | Fallopian tube
Simple columnar
51
Epithelium: | Uterus
Simple (pseudostratified) columnar
52
Epithelium: | Cervix
Endocervix: simple columnar Ectocervix: stratified squamous
53
Epithelium: | Vagina
stratified squamous NON-keratinized
54
What secretes MIH?
Sertoli cell
55
Anovulation is common in?
First several years after menarche | Last few years before menopause
56
``` Obesity HYPERandrogenism Oligomenorrhea Infertility Enlarged ovaries w/ multiple cysts ```
PCOS | Hormone imbalance: LH>>FSH
57
Tx. of PCOS infertility
Clomiphene (selective estrogen receptor modular --> prevents negative feedback of estrogen on HPA-axis)
58
Tx. of PCOS acne and hirsutism
Spironolactone (Androgen receptor antagonist)
59
Call-Exner bodies
Granulosa cell tumor
60
Can incidence measures (relative risk or relative rate) be measured in case control studies?
NO, can only be measured in cohort studies (followed over time for developing the disease). Case control: patient ALREADY has disease, so can only calculate odds-ratio.
61
Attrition bias
Type of SELECTION bias. | Disproportionate loss to followup between exposed an unexposed groups.
62
Secretory phase
Ovulation --> Beginning of Menses | Secretory epithelium: tortuous glands, secretions, edema
63
Proliferative phase
Menses --> Ovulation | Straight glands, compact epithelium, NO edema, No secretion

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