Set 2

Question 1

Three characteristics that determine the type of control chart.

Answer 1

Continuous or discrete data. Sample size, The statistic to plot: mean or variance.

Question 2

Project Charter

Answer 2

A formal written document that defines how the project will proceed, and how it will be managed. It is a detailed plan, and is basically a contract between management and the Lean Six Sigma project manager.

Question 3

Challenges addressed by Lean?

Answer 3

Waste, Delays, Errors, Rejects

Question 4

Where does the process Target appear on a process control chart?

Answer 4

At the center of the chart, midway between the LCL and UCL.

Question 5

Specification Level

Answer 5

Refers to the expectations of customers, clients, or those who will use the output of a process.

Question 6

Examples for which a process designed to achieve a Six Sigma level of quality would be too costly.

Answer 6

Manufacturing bicycles.
Staffing call centers.
Local theater performances.
Ensuring enough inventory to meet customer demand.

Question 7

The level above which customers will find output unacceptable. For example, waiting time at a clinic.

Answer 7

USL, or Upper Specification Limits.

Question 8

Taguchi Loss Function

Answer 8

A chart that expresses the increasing costs, certainly in brand image, to an organization as process results fall farther and farther away from the process mean.

Question 9

Positioning of LSL and LCL?

Answer 9

LCL must always be positioned within the LSL.To say it another way, the LCL will be between the process mean and the LSL.

Question 10

Eliminating all variation in a process is…

Answer 10

Practically impossible!

Question 11

An important objective when designing the steps or stages in a Lean Process?

Answer 11

Minimize non-value-added activities.

Question 12

Conditions for a process to be in-control?

Answer 12

Both process mean and process variance must be within their LCL and UCL limits.

Question 13

Drilling Down

Answer 13

The steps taken when proceeding through successive layers for the purpose of uncovering the root cause of a problem.

Question 14

What is an X-Bar chart?

Answer 14

Monitors the process mean by periodically taking sample means, where each sample mean is plotted on the chart.When a sample mean falls beyond the LCL or UCL, the process is said to be out-of-control.

Question 15

Define Beta Error.

Answer 15

The situation where a process mean has shifted, but a sample mean occurs within the UCL and LCL.Under this circumstance, no warning signal is sounded, and the process is, incorrectly, assumed to be in-control.

Question 16

The type of variation that is present in any process.

Answer 16

Common Cause Variation. It is expected to occur on a routine and predictable basis.

Question 17

How “perfect” must output be when it is decided to design a process that meets Six Sigma control standards?

Answer 17

The definition of Six Sigma suggests it must be “near-perfect.”

Question 18

To monitor customer waiting time at a bank teller’s window, which control limit is absolutely necessary?

Answer 18

UCL, since waiting time above this level may not be tolerated by depositors, and may affect the brand. But times below the LCL are actually preferred.

Question 19

What is represented by the head of a Fishbone Diagram?

Answer 19

The problem to be addressed.

Question 20

What percent of the observations, data points, or events will fall between plus and minus 3 standard deviations of the mean?

Answer 20

99.7 percent

Question 21

Stable Process

Answer 21

One in which the process mean and variation are within control limits over a period of time.

Question 22

Application areas of Lean in the organization?

Answer 22

Lean Manufacturing
Lean Supply Chain
Lean Operations
Lean Product Development
Lean Healthcare

Question 23

What is the management plan called that identifies the steps and costs associated with undertaking a Lean Six Sigma project?

Answer 23

Project Charter

Question 24

Normal Distribution can also be classified as a __________ Distribution.

Answer 24

Symmetrical, or Bell-Shaped

Question 25

Two statistics used to describe a Normal Distribution.

Answer 25

Mean, and Standard Deviation

Question 26

Number of preliminary sample groups recommended to design a new process control chart and establish the process mean and control limits.

Answer 26

Five or more.

Question 27

Relationship between sample size and variation in the Distribution of Sample Means.

Answer 27

As the sample size increases, the variation in the Distribution of Sample Means decreases.

Question 28

Chart used to record sample process means when the sample size is greater than twenty-five and the data are continuous.

Answer 28

X-Bar Chart

Question 29

Chart used to record sample process variation when the sample size is less than twelve and the data are continuous.

Answer 29

R-Chart

Question 30

The likelihood that a value will fall between the mean of a Distribution of Sample Means and a distance one standard error (SE) to the right of that mean.

Answer 30

0.34

Question 31

The statistic used to estimate within-sample variation in an R-Chart.

Answer 31

Range

Question 32

Which type or category of variation can be controlled by an R-Chart?

Answer 32

Special Cause Variation

Question 33

The statistic used to estimate within-sample variation in an S-Chart.

Answer 33

Standard Deviation

Question 34

CTQ

Answer 34

Critical To Quality. This is a term used to express the characteristics, attributes, or features of a product or service necessary to deliver the quality expected by customers.

Question 35

Difference between the Standard Deviation and Standard Error of the Mean.

Answer 35

The standard deviation measures variation in a population or a sample. The Standard Error of the Mean measures the variation associated with the Distribution of Sample Means.

Question 36

Relationship between the Sample Size and the Standard Error of the Mean.

Answer 36

As sample size increases, Standard Error of the Mean decreases.

Question 37

What do the Range and Standard Deviation have in common when constructing control charts for continuous data?

Answer 37

Both are measures of variation. But they are used differently. The range is used to measure variation in a sample when the sample size is less than twelve. The standard deviation is used when the sample size is greater than twelve.

Question 38

Examples of processes that are designed to meet a Six Sigma standard.

Answer 38

Aircraft maintenance. Hospital surgical procedures. Nuclear power plant operations.

Question 39

The chart that displays the cumulative percent of the problems solved when one or more sources of the problem is addressed and eliminated.

Answer 39

Pareto Chart

Question 40

Poka-Yoke

Answer 40

A Japanese term that focuses on mistake-proofing a process, product, or service so that the opportunity for human error is minimized.

Question 41

The likelihood that a data point will occur more than two standard deviations away from the mean of a normal distribution. Consider both tails of the distribution.

Answer 41

Five percent total, or 2 ½ percent in each tail.

Question 42

The standard deviation of the population is 50. What is the Standard Error of the Mean for a sample size of 25?

Answer 42

Standard Error of the Mean is 50/√25=50/5=10.

Question 43

What statistics measure within-sample variation.

Answer 43

Range and Standard Deviation.

Question 44

Most common Sigma level to place the LCL and UCL. Explicitly used when N>25.

Answer 44

Three Sigma

Question 45

The centerline in an R-Chart.

Answer 45

Average Process Range

Question 46

The centerline in an S-Chart.

Answer 46

Average Process Standard Deviation

Question 47

Which chart is reviewed first: X-Bar, or S, Chart?

Answer 47

S-Chart is always reviewed first. If variation is out-of-control, there is no need to look further. Remedial action is necessary.

Question 48

For a process that is in-control, what effect would large sample sizes have on the control chart?

Answer 48

With large sample sizes the Standard Error of the Mean will be smaller than it would be for smaller sample sizes. So, sample means for large samples will cluster more closely around the process mean. As a result, the LCL and UCL for three sigma limits will be closer to the process mean. In short, larger samples provide tighter control. But larger samples are more costly to collect.

Question 49

An example of a Non-Value-Added activity.

Answer 49

Delay

Question 50

What is the shape of the Sampling Distribution of the Mean?

Answer 50

In general, it will be normally distributed about its mean, but the distribution approaches normality only as the sample size increases. This usually holds true for sample sizes in the range of 30 or greater. This conclusion comes from a theoretical framework known as the Central Limit Theorem.