SETTLEMENT Flashcards
(20 cards)
1.7 identify the reasons for rapid urban growth
SOCIAL FACTORS
- better service provision
- family
- lower crime
- better healthcare - more doctors, technology, drugs and facilities
- more entertainment opportunities
- Political security and social security
- an ageing population means more jobs
- better infrastructure with more schools means a better quality of life
ECONOMIC FACTORS
•wealthier government / council means better infrastructure update
•more informal work
•higher wages
•an ageing population means more jobs
PHYSICAL FACTORS
•more suitable climate
•more cleaner space
•land may be more fertile and flatter
•reduced chance of natural disasters e.g drought famine and hurricanes
•infrastructure may be of higher quality, making a better quality of life
1.7 Describe the impacts of urban growth on rural area
mpacts of urbanisation on rural areas (and people)
•remittence from moved workers
•reduces environmental pressure
•less unemployment in the town centre
* elderly isolation
* less young male workers in the for labour
* unbalanced population of women and elderly vs. working male
* declining shops and services not meeting the threshold
1.7 Describe the impacts of urban growth on urban area
- impacts of urbanisation on urban areas (and people)
* there aren’t enough jobs in urban areas, especially for migrants
* many may move from rural poverty to urban poverty, with quick spreads of disease
* many work in the informal sector since they are unskilled
* overcrowding means pressure on infrastructure and services in urban areas
* a desire for housing means a rise in prices, placing more people below the poverty line
* provides cheap labour for jobs in industry
* it concentrates the population geographically making it easier to provide people with basic services
* industrial growth provides employment
* new businesses and enterprises creates more employment, benefiting the local economy
* increase in crime rate due to higher pollution density and less control
1.7 write the characteristics of squatter settlement
Squatter settlement: a rural residential area which has
developed without legal claims or permission to build on
the land
Extremely high home density
Extremely high population density
Houses built from mud for walls, iron for roofs
No electricity
No running water or sewage
Diseases spread easily
Strong smell of human waste
No infrastructure or privacy
1.7 write some strategies to reduce the negative impacts of urbanisation
Urban Regeneration
Urban areas can often fall into disrepair & become
derelict areas
Governments can invest in these areas & reuse land
Regeneration: improvement of areas through
investment & rebranding
Gentrification: people move into an area & start making
improvements which slowly regenerates the area
Greenbelts: area of land around urban areas that is protected from development Greenfield Sites: sites that are barred from being built on by government policies ADVANTAGES Land never used – not polluted Often near rural-urban fringe so good transport links Less congestion Room to expand
Brownfield Sites: increasing building on brownfield sites
allows less pressure to be put on rural areas
ADVANTAGES
Often cheap to buy
Near the CBD
Closer to transport
routes
Urban Wedges: urban growth allowed to take place in
wedges ensuring some green areas protected
throughout city
Housing density: increasing housing density means less
land will be destroyed
1.6 describe the characteristics in urban areas
the CBD:
•government buildings
•high order retail
•offices and major HQ
•theatres, hotels and restaurants
•old, historic buildings
•multi-storey buildings
•public transport services
•few residents during the night-time in the CBD
•zoning of different functions in different parts of the CBD for comparison shopping or business contacts
•vertical zoning of retail on the lower floors and offices on the upper floors
•high numbers of pedestrians in pedestrian areas
reasons for the development of the CBD
•the CBD was the original growth of the settlement
•roads converged at the CBD, making it the most accessible area, making it very desirable for retailing
•land prices became high, eliminating certain services, leading to taller buildings for area
1.6 Describe and give reasons for the characteristics e in urban areas - part one
land use zones
Old inner-city area:
o Typically found next to CBD
o Has mainly terraced houses in a grid like pattern
Suburbia:
o Urban sprawl and owning cars led to construction of
well-planned and spacious houses
o Larger than inner city terraces &most have a garden
o Typically, detached or semidetached
o Roads are arranged in cul-de-sacs and wide avenues
o Land prices cheaper than in CBD and inner city
o Demand can make some areas expensive
Outer-city estate:
o Located on the fringes of cities with varied housing
o People relocated here when inner city was being
redeveloped
Rural-urban fringe:
o This is found at the edge of a town or city
o Mixture of land uses e.g. housing, golf courses,
allotments, businesses, parks and airports, recreational and farming, garden for homes and nature reserves, no air pollution, modern design with a low cost to build, own of town shopping
1.6 Describe and give reasons for the characteristics urban areas - part two
land use zones
high density housing:
•plenty of housing
•high density areas / terraced housing
•many apartment buildings
•housing is close together / tall skyscrapers
•close to the city centre / may have CBD features
•usually in the older parts of town in poorer MEDC areas
reasons:
closer to the CBD means less reliant on transportation links
•investors will look into this area for a high potential profit
•high density areas new very desirable ad so many would be residents
low density housing:
•detached / semi-detached housing more modern than the CBD
•agricultural space with open areas
•fewer transportation links with long, single roads
•very few services around
reasons:
- plenty of space for agriculture and animal stock expansion
- if there are valuable metals and minerals in the earth, the government may specify this area for fracking
- if this type of land is sparse, the government may wish to put this in a natural reserve
1.6 Describe and give reasons for the characteristics in urban areas - part three
land use zones
industriala areas
Factories were built:
o As close as possible to the CBD but with enough space
o Next to canals and railways to transport materials,
o Next to rivers for cooling, power source or waste
disposal
o Next to land where lots of workers could live
- space for them to build and parking rooms with cheaper land
1.6 describe the urban structure in MEDC AND LEDC
the urban structure in MEDC’s
•in urban areas, the cost of land is different (higher / too high in the CBD)
•certain land uses do not mix - high quality housing next to industry
•particular land-uses may continue to establish that way
the urban structure in LEDC’s •the MEDC models do not apply in LEDC’s as the high-class residential areas are close to the centre whilst the low-class areas are nearby •the CBD is based on markets and commercial areas has a sector of shops and offices leading from a major transport route, with high-class on either side •housing gets worse as you move out with squatter settlements - manufacturing tends to be scattered although there may be industrial sectors along transport routes
1.6 describe the effect of change in land use in urban areas
changes in urban land use
•decentralisation of industry and commercial business
- factories and houses were built next to each other during the Industrial Revolution
-redevelopment has taken place to replace low-quality housing and remove industry
•redevelopment of brownfield sites
- they have been replaced by inner ring roads, retail parks and recreational facilities
•decentralisation of people, services and employment
- this dispersal is encouraged by transport improvements
- this can lead to an outward spread of the urban area - suburbanisation
•renewal of buildings
- many old factories and warehouses have been brought up to date, regenerating old buildings
•urban sprawl spreading outwards
- the spread of the CBD means changes in the surrounding rural areas - greenfield sites may become developed
1.6 effect of rapid urban growth
•decline of retailing due to increased car ownership leading to congestion
- many DIY stores have moved to brownfield sites as well as department stores
- land is cheaper here and there is often more parking
- this means fewer will shop in the CBD and more shops will leave - perception
•decentralisation of companies and administration
- accessibility, high land values and parking meant many companies are moving
- electronic communication has reduced the need to be close to other similar types
•high car dependency
- increase in vehicle emissions and higher public transport costs
•high levels of racial and socio-economic segregation as well as loss of rural life and changing the character of the countryside
•during the evening
- the CBD can be empty in the evening if only bars, restaurants and nightclubs are open
- this might also make it unsafe - with high crime rates
- higher costs to provide social facilities
- high car usage means higher emissions
- this may cost more to build public transport services
- time may be lost through commenting, reducing productivity
1.6 causes of urban sprawl
mainly caused due to suburbanisation and the decentralisation of industry
•lots of car pollution in the town centre means a need for expansion
•housing is cheaper on the outskirts, so therefore many may choose to move there
•an increase spend on infrastructure and transport makes urban sprawl easier to create
1.6 problems of urban growth in urban areas for people and for environment
Problems of urban growth in urban areas: FOR PEOPLE Overcrowded Unable to obtain jobs/low pay Pressure on schools/hospitals Increased crime rates Difficulties of waste/litter Traffic congestion Noise pollution Lack of sanitation Poor quality of life Food shortage FOR ENVIRONMENT Loss of vegetation Loss of habitats Impacts on food chains Pollution of rivers Death of fish/other species Pollution of ground water Air/atmospheric pollution Rivers dry up
1.6 problems of urban areas their causes and possible solution
1. Decline of the CBD in cities in MEDC’s •congestion •lack of parking spaces •high land prices •retailers leaving •decentralisation of companies and administration
SOLUTION
Pedestrianisation
•allows a safer, relaxed environment
•less air and noise pollution from vehicles
Shopping Malls
•undercover shopping areas
•air conditioned malls and restaurants
Visual Improvements
•flower beds, seated areas, trees
•pavements and cafés and bars
Transport Improvements •underground railways 2. Security in the CBD during the evenings •high crime rates •litter •graffiti •vandalism
SOLUTION
Security •police / private security firm patrols •CCTV as a deterrent to thieves 3. Twilight Zone on the edge of the CBD •derelict land and buildings •high rates of crime and social problems
SOLUTION
Redevelopment
•these areas’ buildings could be redeveloped by the
government
4.
Crime and Racial Conflicts (MEDC and LEDC)
•high levels of poverty
•development of ghettos in inner MEDC’s and
informal settlements in LEDC’s
•many may join gangs due to domestic stress levels
SOLUTION
Facilities
•providing social facilities such as sports clubs
•ensuring adequate policing on the streets
•providing language lessons for immigrants
Dedicated Projects
•zero tolerance on crime
•job creation schemes to provide employment
5.
Squatter Settlements in LEDC’s
•residents do not own the land and could be evicted
•houses are not weatherproof
•no proper sanitation and water supply
•no electricity, but it may be illegally supplied
•no local employment since it’s on the outskirts
•long journeys to central areas with little transport
•extreme poverty and high unemployment
•overcrowding in rooms with disease
•high levels of crime and drug and alcohol abuse
SOLUTION
Housing
•low-cost housing schemes
•piped water, sewer and electricity provision
•self-help schemes that provide groups of people
with materials to build properly
6
Housing Shortages in MEDC’s
•caused by older properties in the CBD, needing
renovation
•a population increase through immigration and
natural growth
•property prices are too high for those who are on
low wages
SOLUTION
New Housing
•slum clearance schemes
•older housing replaced by blocks of flats
•newer houses being built on the suburbs
•new towns being built in the countryside
•land may be reclaimed from the sea e.g Japan
7
Traffic Congestion in MEDC’s and LEDC’s
•ancient cities built long before public transport
means narrow roads and close buildings
•increase in use of private cars
•large number of work commuters meaning too
many transport vehicles available
•lots of tourism in the CBD
•people may pass through the city
SOLUTION
Transport •underground railways •bus lanes •integrated transport policies •trams •making it more affordable and more frequent
Infrastructure •congestion charge •electronic ticketing •traffic lights •roundabouts •ring roads •park and ride schemes
problems of urban areas (different type of pollution)
with solution
AIR POLLUTION
Carbon Monoxide •vehicle exhausts •reduces oxygen supply to the heart Carbon Dioxide •vehicle exhausts •power stations •industrial processes •domestic heating •greenhouse gases assist global warming
solution
- laws to control the emissions from industry and housing e.g smoke free zones
- carrying out checks on vehicle exhausts and removing polluting vehicles
- higher taxes for the most polluting vehicles
- reducing the amount of electricity generated from thermal power stations
- developing new power stations that do not release carbon dioxide into the air
- have time slots for industries to be in action
WATER POLLUTION
raw sewage in rivers
•contamination of drinking water leading to health issues such as diarrhoea and dysentery
•liquid waste of industry or domestic waste may mix with drinking water
•sewage may be untreated
solution
- improve sanitation
- improve the infrastructure of the area
- harsh regulations for waste dumping
- treat the sewage
VISUAL POLLUTION
•smog from the pollution means ugly and dark skies
•graffiti
•litter
•construction
•derelict land or ugly buildings with industry
Solution
•stricter planning regulations
•improve litter collection
•building nicer buildings in derelict land
NOISE POLLUTION
- cars, lorries and trains and aircrafts can be noisy
- factories and large congregations of people like football crowds or parties
- construction work may be an issue in high density area
Solution
laws which limit noise from factories and homes
•separating noisy areas from residential areas
•building solid fences to reduce noise
1.5 explain the pattern of settlement
dispersed:An isolated, building or a group of two or three buildings, separated from the next by 2 or 3 km.
•may develop where agricultural land is poor and people need to farm large areas
•tradition may dictate that people do not live grouped together
•this settlement is also found in modern settlements, where commercial farms are
huge like Canadian prairies
nucleated Buildings are grouped together, initially for defence, or a common resource.
people can enjoy the social benefits
•they have easy access to services like shops and schools
•often develops in areas with rich agriculture, where farmers can live in the village but still be near their fields
•culture might favour this pattern
- being close to each other can be helpful for defence in times of attack
linear:Buildings are strung along a line of communication, for example a main road, a river valley, or canal
•allows each dwelling to have access to a road or track
- area of farming land at right angle to the road
•physical geography may play a part-
settlement along a river or line of spring for water supply or along a valley floor to avoid the steep valley sides
•people may not want to waste good farming land so build their homes in line next to fertile land
- sett might be in a line just above the flood plain of a river
1.5 Describe and explain the factors which may influence
the sites and situation factors for settlements
SITE
- Wet point site: this has a good water supply
o Dry point site: this has less risk of flooding
o Building material: availability of stone, wood, clay etc.
o Defensive site: in a river meander or on a hill with
steep sided and commanding views
so in past enemies could be seen from a distance
o Fuel supply: for heating and cooking
o Food supplies: land suitable for farming
o Nodal points: where routes converge
o Bridging point: river shallow enough to build a bridge
o Aspect: settlements often on sunny side of a valley
o Shelter: from cold prevailing winds and rain
SITUATION
- route centre
- gap town: town located in a pass to an upland area which benefits from being focus of routes
- lowest bridging point on a river
- port/trading centre: often settlement grow where natural route ways and rivers meet which helps development of roads.railway and canals
- relief(includes altitude, gradient and aspect)
altitude: mount region - high area cold so agri hard- thus left uninhabitated
gradient: gentle slope - well drained, easy to cultivate ,easier to build on
aspect: where slope faces(direction) - area with fertile soil: more densely settled because greater productivity of the land can support a greater population
Give reasons for the hierarchy of settlements and
services
Sphere of Influence: The distance or area people travel
from to access a service.
Services: Facilities that are offered to people e.g.
supermarket. Services have a threshold population,
which helps explain why bigger settlements have more
services.
Range: This usually refers to the number of different
services e.g. a school, a post office, etc.
Threshold Population: The minimum amount of people
required for a service to be offered and remain open.
High Order Goods (Comparison): Goods that people buy
less frequently. They tend to be more expensive and
people will normally compare quality and price before
purchasing e.g. a car
Low Order Goods (Convenience): Goods that people buy
every day. They don’t usually cost much money and
people would not normally travel far to buy them e.g.
bread and milk
Determining order of importance:
o The population size
o The range and number of services
o The sphere of influence
write the functions of settlement
Rural Areas: tend to have a lot less functions than
urban areas. The main purpose of settlements in rural
areas is normally agriculture & low-order services. This
is because rural areas have less people, poorer
transport, poorer communication, less technology, &
the land is better used for other purposes.
o Urban Areas: tend to have a lot more functions
ranging from shopping functions, to educational
functions, to transport functions, to administrative
functions and residential functions; more middle and
high order services.
o Urban Sprawl: The spread or growth of an urban area
into the rural-urban fringe; provides mostly middle –
order services
