Settlement dynamics

Question 1

What is a rural area?

Answer 1

A low population density countryside area where the economy is dependent on primary activity.

Question 2

Define rural landscape.

Answer 2

The visual picture of a countryside settlement and how it is perceived.

Question 3

What is a greenbelt?

Answer 3

Areas of open land retained around a city, where development is restricted.

Question 4

What does urbanisation of poverty mean?

Answer 4

The increasing concentration of poverty in urban areas, often due to rural-urban migration.

Question 5

Explain the Rural-Urban Continuum.

Answer 5

There is no sharp difference between settlements; there is a graduation.

Question 6

Describe isolated settlement patterns.

Answer 6

Settlements due to extreme environmental conditions and insufficient natural resources.

Question 7

What characterizes dispersed settlement patterns?

Answer 7

Farmhouses are separated by large farm areas, with no nucleation of properties.

Question 8

Define nucleated settlement patterns.

Answer 8

Settlements that have economic, social, and defensive purposes, originally clustered for defenses in war.

Question 9

What is a linear settlement pattern?

Answer 9

Properties along roads, rivers, and transport lines.

Question 10

Describe loose knit settlement patterns.

Answer 10

Similar to nucleated, but settlements are not closely clustered, and farmland separates properties.

Question 11

What is a green ring in rural settlements?

Answer 11

A village built around a circular field for communal or religious purposes.

Question 12

What are Key Villages?

Answer 12

Villages that have a high concentration of services, reduced service decline, and an assured threshold population.

Question 13

What is rural depopulation?

Answer 13

The primary driver for other rural issues as people leave, leading to decreased birth rates and service cuts.

Question 14

What are some consequences of changes in agriculture?

Answer 14

• Decline in farm work due to increased mechanisation * Farms increase in size, harming the ecological network * Farms bought by corporations * Farm diversification occurs.

Question 15

What leads to service decline in rural areas?

Answer 15

Causes include depopulation, market forces, changing expectations, and governmental focus on urban areas.

Question 16

How does rural transport decline affect communities?

Answer 16

Poor, elderly, young, and vulnerable are isolated, creating barriers for low-income families to access employment.

Question 17

What is rural turnaround?

Answer 17

Movement back into rural areas, often just beyond a city’s greenbelt, allowing for commuting.

Question 18

Define dormitory settlement.

Answer 18

A rural settlement that has become increasingly urbanised, largely occupied by people employed in nearby urban areas.

Question 19

What is the second home concept?

Answer 19

Urbanites purchasing second homes in rural locations, providing local employment and increased tax revenue.

Question 20

What are some social issues in LICs?

Answer 20

• Ageing rural population * Public and private services close due to population decline * Reduced unemployment due to smaller population.

Question 21

What environmental issues do LICs face?

Answer 21

• Natural resources exploited by large companies * Harsh environments make surviving and farming difficult.

Question 22

What economic challenges are present in LICs?

Answer 22

• Reduced agricultural production * Development schemes focus on urban areas * Political corruption increases poverty.

Question 23

Define urbanisation.

Answer 23

An increasing proportion of the population living in urban settlements.

Question 24

What are some causes of urbanisation?

Answer 24

• Natural population growth * Rural-Urban push and pull factors * Better healthcare and education in urban areas.

Question 25

What are the consequences of urbanisation?

Answer 25

* Overcrowding * Squatters * Lack of available work * Pollution * Increased crime.

Question 26

What is counter urbanisation?

Answer 26

The process of population decentralisation from urban areas to rural settlements.

Question 27

Define suburbanisation.

Answer 27

Outward growth of urban areas to engulf surrounding rural areas.

Question 28

What is re-urbanisation?

Answer 28

Movement of people and economic activity back into the CBD and inner/industrial areas.

Question 29

What is urban renewal?

Answer 29

Can be property-led or partnership schemes to adapt the best parts of a location to fit new uses.

Question 30

What does urban redevelopment involve?

Answer 30

Complete clearance of an area.

Question 31

What is urban regeneration?

Answer 31

A program of land redevelopment aimed at fixing urban decline.

Question 32

Define mega city.

Answer 32

A city with a population greater than 10 million and density greater than 2000 people per km².

Question 33

What is a world city?

Answer 33

Acts as a major centre for finance, politics, trade, culture, and business, serving more than a country or region.

Question 34

What are TNCs?

Answer 34

Transnational corporations that centralize headquarters in world cities while outsourcing manufacturing to LICs.

Question 35

What is the Global Cities Index?

Answer 35

A ranking based on 24 measures across business activity, human capital, information exchange, cultural experience, and political engagement.

Question 36

What is the Bid Rent Theory?

Answer 36

Assumes that land value decreases as one moves away from the city center, affecting who can afford to live in certain areas.

Question 37

What is the Sector Model?

Answer 37

Suggests that industry follows transport routes and high-class residential areas develop around physical/social features.

Question 38

Define the Multiple Nuclei Model.

Answer 38

Suggests that a city can have multiple centers of activity, not just one CBD.

Question 39

What is the Concentric Zone Model?

Answer 39

Assumes equal movement and competition for space, with business activity occurring in the CBD.

Question 40

What are some factors affecting the location of manufacturing?

Answer 40

* Land prices * Urban planning policies * Availability of space.

Question 41

What are some trends in retailing?

Answer 41

* Movement out from the CBD * Creation of retail parks * Growth of online shopping.

Question 42

What is the preference for health services location?

Answer 42

For one large, central hospital rather than several smaller ones.

Question 43

What is the trend in leisure/open space location?

Answer 43

Sports stadiums moving to the edges of cities due to space shortages.

Question 44

What are some changes in the CBD?

Answer 44

* Increased pedestrian zones * Indoor shopping centres * Environmental improvements.

Question 45

What is urban sprawl?

Answer 45

The expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural land.

Question 46

What does LIC/MIC land use refer to?

Answer 46

A CBD centre with industry that develops around transport and waterways. ## Footnote LIC stands for Low-Income Countries, and MIC stands for Middle-Income Countries.

Question 47

What characterizes the zone of maturity in urban areas?

Answer 47

Consists of services and a mix of old/new housing that was once occupied by affluent residents.

Question 48

What is elite housing?

Answer 48

Develops along the commercial spine of a city.

Question 49

What does 'in situ accretion' refer to?

Answer 49

A wide range of housing that is in the process of improvement through government projects.

Question 50

Where do squatter settlements typically locate in urban areas?

Answer 50

In the Periférico, on the most undesirable land.

Question 51

What is the trend of urban density gradients?

Answer 51

Population density falls with increasing distance from the CBD.

Question 52

How do urban density trends differ between HICs and LICs?

Answer 52

HICs show an initial rise and then decline in density, while LICs maintain a stable density increase as urban areas expand.

Question 53

What factors contribute to the compactness of a CBD?

Answer 53

Low personal mobility and public transport availability.

Question 54

What is the impact of increasing car ownership on urban areas?

Answer 54

Leads to urban sprawl.

Question 55

What does residential segregation involve?

Answer 55

Clustering of certain groups of people, activities, and services.

Question 56

What is one cause of residential segregation related to income?

Answer 56

High income allows people a wide choice of places to live, leading to gated communities.

Question 57

How does age influence residential choices?

Answer 57

As someone ages, they typically require a larger house.

Question 58

What is the term for areas with concentrated ethnic groups?

Answer 58

Ethnic villages or ghettos.

Question 59

What is a consequence of a housing market imbalance?

Answer 59

High property prices push low-income people to the urban periphery.

Question 60

What role does the influence of family and friends play in migration?

Answer 60

People tend to cluster close to family or friends for comfort and support.

Question 61

How does culture affect residential decisions?

Answer 61

People may choose not to live in certain areas if they don’t feel comfortable, even if they can afford it.

Question 62

What is the goal of urban planners regarding residential areas?

Answer 62

To achieve a good social mix of people to avoid ghettos.

Question 63

What does urban renaissance aim to achieve?

Answer 63

More sustainable and high-quality living by putting people close to services with good public transport.

Question 64

What is an urban mosaic?

Answer 64

A pattern of different residential zones within a city that reflects socio-economic variations.