settlement studies l2 Flashcards
(24 cards)
urbanisation
increase in population of an entire population within a country that lives in towns and cities(ratio)
urban growth
growth in population living in urban areas or the physical growth of land area in urban areas (number)
when comparing changes in urban growth
u must use comparative words and quote data
desc the causes of rapid urbanisation in ldcs
towns and cities in ldcs are growing rapidlt and increasing proportion of people are licing in cities
ldcs are going through a period of rapid urban growth and urbanisation
urbanisation results from large scale rural to urban migation and natural increase in urban areas
push factors
poor chance of getting a job
difficulty of getting sufficient land for any kind of successful farming
near starvation as crops fail
increase in soil erosion as a result of over grazing
basic lack of services -medical, education, water , sanitation,transport etc
natural disasters such as drought or flooding
pull factors
better paid factory work/other employment opportunities
better and more varied food supplies
better housing with electricity and piped water, sewerage etc
better medical care,chance of better schooling etc
better entertainment and better lifestyle ,better sol
rural urban migration
refers to the movement of people from rural areas to cities to live and work
rural urban migration
refers to the movement of people from rural areas to cities to live and work
causes
search of better life
more job opportunities due to wide range of economic opportunities compared to rural areas
natural increase
refers to the difference between the birth and death rate in a country
calculated by br-dr
natural increase causes
cities have a large proportion of people in their 20s and 30s who are likely to start families leading to high birth rates and contributing to high natural increase
in urban areas like ldcs tend to be more developed that and better sanitation and medical facilities than rural areas in ldcs,the death rate is decreasing
leads to high rates of natural increase
impacts of rapid urban growth
shortage of land
housing shortage
over-crowding
overpopulation
lack of employment
increase in pollution
shortage of land
due to competition between various uses of land,lead to very high land prices within and near the city
housing shortage
slums in favelas brazil may develop in the outskirts of the city or on steep slopes not safe for housing
these are settlements that are urban areas which are heavily populated and residents have poor quality housing and poor access to basic services
over-population
high population denisty where there are too many people living per unit area of land
overpopulation
population increases beyond the capacity of existing structure of cope with them therefore population size > available resources and leads to competition for resources and amenities
lack of employment
migrants may lack the ability required for getting jobs in the cities, hence they have difficulty getting jobs and are unable to afford housing
most people living in the slums are employed in the informal sector where they set up make up shifts to sell groceries
increase in pollution
increased air pollution from industries and traffic congestion
land pollution from lack of proper waste disposal and sanitation in slums
case of study
rio de janeiro in brazil
rio de janeiro in brazil
second largest city in brazil
rug due to natural increase (br higher than br) and rural-urban migration
led to development of slums called favelas and about 22% of rios population live in favelas
favelas
located on the edgeof most major brazillian cities
some of these settlements may be 40/50km from city centre along main roads and up very steep hillsides
causes of location
only avail land to build on within the city limits as it is less expensive to build on steep slopes and most ppl do not want to build their houses there bc of risk of landslides
industries and facilities are located on the edge of the cities. many ppl need jobs therefore they locate near factories
consequences of rug in ldcs
low level of health due to poor living conditions
lack of basic amenities e.g. clean water, water disposal system and proper sanitation
ppl are more vulnerable to diseases like cholera and dysentery when drinking contaminated water
risk of fires
favelas are constructed by a material of materials that could be flammable such as zinc sheets plastic sheets and wtv scrap material found hence fires could spread easily as houses are very near each other.
vulnerable to landslides
often built on steep slopes and hills that have been left undeveloped by formal housing market and landslides may occur aft a period of heavy rains.
drugs and violence
rocked by violence as drug gangs moved into the slums. increased level of violence due to clashes between rival drug-trafficking gangs and between gangs and police. poorly trained officers and underpaid officers working in favelas were susceptible to bribes from drug traffickers.
how did govt try to solve the problems
recognise favelas as housing areas
permanance of rocinha favela is now accpeted by brazilian govt despite fact that land was occupied illegally initially
self-help housing schemes
created by ppl living in the shanty towns as a way of doing smt abt the need for services and buildings govt wont pay for
these ppl pull tgt and gather buildung materials and build whatever facilities they need
govt would supply only the land and very small loan .the self help schemes improve living conditions in these areas and make standard of living better for ppl living there
structural improvements
three quarters of residnets have access to electricity usually thru communal payments involving several homes sharing a single meter. parts of rocinha are accessible by bus and handful of small health clinics that provide at least 1 gynecologist and 2 pediatricians
provide sandpipes to provide water .the project also provides rights pf use certifivsted to residents aft their homes are connected to sanitation and water system
builfing new towns- barra da tijuca
in an attempt to find more space and a safer place to live, the wealthy citizens began to move out .
bdt is a self contained town built along motorway .it has shops and services and many residents of rio moved there to escape traffic,pollution and cramped conditions
