Settlements Flashcards
1
Q
What is a settlement?
A
A settlement is a place where people live and carry out a range of activities—trade, manufacturing, agriculture, etc.
2
Q
What factors influence the categorisation of settlements?
A
Factors include shape or form, site and situation, function and hierarchy, and change and growth.
3
Q
What are the different patterns of settlements?
A
Patterns range from isolated buildings in rural regions to urban megacities of over 10 million people.
4
Q
What is a linear settlement?
A
A linear settlement forms along a river, railway, or major road, often due to trade or poor drainage.
5
Q
What characterizes circular settlements?
A
Circular settlements grow around a central feature, like a village green or lake, ensuring easy access to the center.
6
Q
What defines a dispersed settlement?
A
Dispersed settlements have isolated houses or farms spread out in fields or along roads, common in rural areas.
7
Q
What is a nucleated settlement?
A
Nucleated settlements form when many buildings cluster around a central feature like a church or crossroads.
8
Q
What is the difference between a wet point site and a dry point site?
A
A wet point site has a reliable water supply, while a dry point site is raised above poorly drained land.
9
Q
What factors affect the growth of settlements?
A
Factors include climate, availability of raw materials, fertile land, location, and historical significance.
10
Q
How do the functions of settlements change over time?
A
Settlements often start with one purpose and evolve to include more functions, like Liverpool’s shift from a trade port to a tourism hub.
11
Q
What is a settlement hierarchy?
A
A hierarchy classifies settlements based on population size, number of services, and number of settlements.
12
Q
What determines the number of services a settlement offers?
A
A settlement’s physical and population size determines the number of services it provides.
13
Q
What is threshold population?
A
Threshold population is the minimum number of people necessary before a particular good or service will be provided.
14
Q
What is the difference between low-order and high-order goods?
A
Low-order goods are bought regularly and require less travel, while high-order goods are comparison items that require more travel.
15
Q
What is sphere of influence?
A
Sphere of influence is the area that a settlement serves, indicating the range people will travel for services.
16
Q
What are pedestrian zones?
A
Pedestrian zones are car-free areas designated for pedestrians only, aiming to provide a safe and accessible environment to improve foot traffic for businesses.
17
Q
What are shopping centres/malls?
A
Shopping centres/malls centralize businesses for convenience, increasing spending. They typically include car parks and a variety of stores and activities.
18
Q
What leisure activities have changed in urban areas?
A
Traditional leisure activities like parks and theatres now coexist with multiplex cinemas, sports centres, and trendy cafes.
19
Q
What are brownfield sites?
A
Brownfield sites are disused shops and offices converted into desirable residential lofts or trendy meeting places.
20
Q
How has safety improved in urban areas?
A
Safety has improved through CCTV monitoring, traffic management, pedestrian-only zones, and limited parking.
21
Q
What is the impact of deindustrialisation on inner cities?
A
Deindustrialisation has led to inner cities being viewed as centers of poverty and urban blight, prompting redevelopment efforts.
22
Q
What are Urban Development Corporations (UDCs)?
A
UDCs are large-scale projects that facilitate major changes in inner cities through private and public investments.
23
Q
What is the London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC)?
A
The LDDC redeveloped Canary Wharf into a financial district, continuing to attract a younger workforce even after its dissolution in 1998.
24
Q
What changes have occurred along the urban fringe?
A
The urban fringe has seen growth due to counter-urbanisation, population growth, and rising land costs, leading to new housing estates and retail parks.
25
What are retail parks?
Retail parks are easily accessible areas with ample free parking and a concentration of businesses, offering a large choice of goods.
26
What are industrial estates?
Industrial estates provide space for expansion with purpose-built road networks and cheaper land, located away from housing.
27
What are business parks?
Business parks are designed for a pleasant working environment, offering easier access for workers and specifically created for office space.
28
What are science parks?
Science parks are purpose-built to encourage research and development, high-tech industries, and are located near universities and transport networks.
29
How do airports impact the urban fringe?
Airports increase air traffic and support businesses on the fringe through imports, exports, and easy access for speakers and investors.
30
What is the role of motorways and ring roads in urban areas?
Motorways and ring roads enhance access for residents, workers, and transport vehicles, facilitating ease of movement.
31
What is urban sprawl?
Urban sprawl is the outward spread of a city, often characterized by low-density suburbs and increased car dependency.
32
What are the causes of urban sprawl?
Urban sprawl is caused by availability of space for housing, cheaper land, better access to transport routes, and the location of services on urban fringes.
33
What are some problems created by urban sprawl?
Problems include loss of farmland, loss of green spaces, negative impact on ecosystems, and increased pollution levels.
34
What is urban redevelopment?
Urban redevelopment involves improving an urban area through demolishing, reconstructing, or substantially renovating existing buildings.
35
What is urban renewal?
Urban renewal involves the improvement of existing buildings, parks, roads, and industrial areas while keeping the area recognisable.
36
What is gentrification?
Gentrification is the development of a city neighbourhood from low to high-value, often displacing poorer families.
37
What are common problems in urban areas?
Common problems include pollution, inequality, housing issues, congestion, and crime.
38
How does congestion affect urban areas?
Congestion delays journeys, increases fuel consumption, adds to emissions, and negatively impacts health.
39
What are the types of pollution in urban areas?
Types of pollution include air, noise, light, visual, and water pollution.
40
What are the health effects of air pollution?
Poor air quality affects health, leading to conditions like asthma and lung cancer.
41
What contributes to noise pollution?
Noise pollution arises from road traffic, people, music, and various environmental factors.
42
What is light pollution?
Light pollution is caused by artificial light from street lighting, homes, and businesses, disrupting ecosystems and human health.
43
What causes water pollution in urban areas?
Water pollution is caused by industrial discharge, vehicles, wastewater, and chemicals.
44
What is urban inequality?
Urban inequality refers to the disparity in living conditions, job opportunities, and access to services between rich and poor residents.
45
What are housing issues in urban areas?
Housing is often expensive, leading to overcrowding, inadequate living conditions, and high rents.
46
What are the main causes of crime in urban areas?
Crime is often linked to high population density, lack of job opportunities, and large-scale unemployment.
47
What are the advantages of brownfield sites?
Brownfield sites help revive urban areas, reduce countryside loss, and have existing services in place.
48
What are the disadvantages of greenfield sites?
Greenfield sites lead to loss of farmland, encourage suburban sprawl, and can disturb wildlife.
49
What is sustainability in urban planning?
Sustainability involves managing social, economic, and environmental factors to improve quality of life.
50
What are some solutions to urban challenges?
Solutions include reducing fossil fuel reliance, promoting public transport, providing green spaces, and recycling.
51
What is corporate sustainability?
Corporate sustainability focuses on reducing a company's carbon footprint and environmental impact.
52
What is economic sustainability?
Economic sustainability ensures cities remain financially viable to avoid bankruptcy.
53
What is environmental sustainability in urban areas?
Environmental sustainability addresses food, energy, waste management, and transport to improve urban living.
54
What is urbanisation?
Urbanisation is defined as the increase in the percentage of a population living in urban areas.
55
How do urban settlements differ from rural ones?
Urban settlements have a faster-paced way of life, are larger in size, have a compact and high density of buildings and people, and focus on finance, service, and manufacturing.
56
Which regions show the highest levels of urbanisation?
MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries) show the highest levels of urbanisation, while Africa and Southeast Asia have the lowest levels.
57
What caused the urban population to triple between 1950 and 2015?
The decline of industry in developed countries led to industrial growth in emerging countries, pulling people from rural regions to urban areas for better life and employment.
58
What are the main factors affecting the rate of urbanisation?
The speed of economic development and the rate of population growth are the main factors affecting urbanisation.
59
What is a mega city?
A mega city is defined as a city with more than 10 million people.
60
How has the number of mega cities changed from 1970 to 2018?
In 1970, there were only 4 mega cities; by 2018, this number rose to 33.
61
What accounts for roughly 60% of urban population growth?
Natural increase accounts for roughly 60% of urban population growth due to decreased death rates and higher birth rates.
62
What are urban pull factors?
Urban pull factors include higher wages, pace and excitement, improved education and healthcare, better job opportunities, public utilities, and government support.
63
What accounts for 40% of urban growth?
Rural-urban migration accounts for 40% of urban growth due to rural push factors and urban pull factors.
64
What is counter-urbanisation?
Counter-urbanisation is the movement of people from urban areas into surrounding rural regions.
65
What is urban regeneration?
Urban regeneration is the investment of capital in the revival of old urban areas by improving or rebuilding them.
66
What is urban re-imaging?
Urban re-imaging involves changing the image and reputation of an urban area to create a new identity or function.
67
What are megacities?
Megacities are urban regions with over 10 million residents.
68
What are the four main factors for the growth of megacities?
The four main factors are economic development, population growth, economies of scale, and the multiplier effect.
69
What are world cities?
World cities are influential cores in the global economy, critical hubs with status and power, and can be any size.
70
Which cities are considered the top (alpha) world cities?
The top world cities are London, New York, and Tokyo.
71
What are the four world cities in the Southern Hemisphere?
The four world cities in the Southern Hemisphere are Sydney, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and Buenos Aires.
72
What opportunities do urban areas offer?
Urban areas offer a variety of opportunities to people and businesses.
73
What problems can arise from rapid and unplanned urbanisation?
Problems include poor housing, deprivation/inequality, unemployment, congestion, transport issues, crime, and poor environmental quality.
74
Which city in Brazil experienced significant urban growth?
Sao Paulo grew from 7 million to over 20 million people in 40 years, becoming the second-largest urban area in the Americas.
75
What are common issues with transport in rapidly developing urban areas?
Transport systems are often poor in quality, size, and reliability, leading to congestion and high levels of atmospheric pollution.
76
What housing issues arise in LEDCs due to urban growth?
Availability and affordability of housing cannot keep up with urban population growth, leading to informal settlements.
77
What materials are often used to build informal settlements?
People often use scrap materials like cardboard, corrugated iron, and plastic to build homes.
78
What are some names for informal settlements in different countries?
Favelas in Brazil, shanty towns in the West Indies and Canada, bustees in India, skid row in the USA, and townships in South Africa.
79
What percentage of urban inhabitants in LEDCs live in informal settlements?
About a quarter of urban inhabitants (1.6 billion) live in impoverished slums and squatter settlements.
80
What are 'mega-slums'?
Mega-slums are very large, overcrowded areas usually within megacities.
81
What are some examples of mega-slums?
Kibera in Nairobi, Neza in Mexico City, Dharavi in Mumbai, Orangi Town in Karachi, and Khayelitsha in Cape Town.
82
What risks do informal settlements present?
They present serious risks such as fire, flooding, and landslides.
83
What issues do informal settlements typically suffer from?
Poor housing, restricted access to water, inadequate sanitation, and limited health facilities.
84
What is the impact of the informal economy in megacities?
It leads to unemployment, underemployment, and a lack of revenue for city services.
85
What is deprivation?
Deprivation is connected with poverty and occurs when well-being falls below an acceptable minimum standard.
86
How does the cycle of poverty affect children in urban areas?
Children tend to receive less support, attend inadequate schools, leave school early, and struggle to find well-paid employment.
87
What changes occur in suburbanised villages due to urban growth?
They evolve from quiet places to areas with large housing estates, urban-style services, and new businesses.
88
What are commuter towns?
Commuter towns are residential areas where people commute to work in nearby urban centers.
89
What is a major issue caused by urban growth?
Pollution
90
Which areas have less clean air compared to rural areas?
Towns and cities
91
Which countries have the most pollution?
NICs and LEDCs
92
What are the sources of Carbon dioxide (CO2)?
Power stations, industrial processes, domestic heating, vehicle emissions
93
What is a major impact of Carbon dioxide (CO2)?
Major greenhouse gas
94
What is a solution to reduce Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions?
Introduce laws to regulate emissions, pedestrianise urban centres, vehicle emission charges
95
What are the sources of particulate matter?
Diesel vehicles, soot from open fires, construction dust
96
What are the impacts of particulate matter?
Smog, respiratory diseases
97
What is a solution to address particulate matter pollution?
Clean air act, smoke-free zones, exhaust checks on vehicles
98
What are the sources of Carbon monoxide (CO)?
Vehicle emissions
99
What is the impact of Carbon monoxide (CO)?
Reduces supply of oxygen to the heart
100
What is a solution for Carbon monoxide (CO) emissions?
Laws to regulate emissions
101
What are the sources of Sulphur dioxide (SO2)?
Coal power stations, open coal fires, vehicle exhausts, industrial processes
102
What are the impacts of Sulphur dioxide (SO2)?
Lung irritation, acid rain
103
What is a solution to control Sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions?
Laws to control emissions from industry, smoke-free zones, close coal-fired power stations, introduce new efficient power stations
104
What are the sources of hydrocarbons (including benzene)?
Vehicle exhaust
105
What is the impact of hydrocarbons?
Contributes to ground-level ozone
106
What is a solution for hydrocarbon emissions?
Regular checks on vehicle emissions, laws to regulate emissions, remove most polluting vehicles
107
What are the sources of Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)?
Power stations, vehicle emissions
108
What are the impacts of Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)?
Irritates the lungs, strong greenhouse gas
109
What is a solution to reduce Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions?
Reduce electricity production from thermal power plants, higher taxes on most polluting vehicles
110
What is the source of ground-level ozone (O3)?
Reaction through vehicle exhausts and sunlight
111
What are the impacts of ground-level ozone (O3)?
Photochemical smog leading to eye and chest irritation
112
What is a solution to reduce ground-level ozone (O3) emissions?
Catalytic converters fitted to car exhausts, laws to reduce emissions
113
What is the source of lead (Pb) pollution?
Exhaust gases from leaded petrol
114
What are the impacts of lead (Pb)?
Harms the liver, kidneys, nervous system, etc.
115
What is a solution to eliminate lead (Pb) pollution?
Unleaded fuel
116
What is a major source of water pollution?
Raw sewage in groundwater and rivers
117
What are the impacts of water pollution?
Drinking water contamination, environmental health issues like dysentery and diarrhoea
118
What are solutions to improve water quality?
Improve sanitation through sewage works, education, water treatment plants
119
What are sources of visual pollution?
Ugly buildings, graffiti, derelict land, litter
120
What are the impacts of visual pollution?
Source of stress, impact on social structure of cities
121
What are solutions to address visual pollution?
Laws to regulate graffiti, stricter planning, improve refuse collection
122
What are sources of noise pollution?
Vehicles, industrial processes, large crowds, social events, nightlife
123
What are the impacts of noise pollution?
Stress, lack of sleep, reduced concentration and work performance
124
What are solutions to manage noise pollution?
Laws to limit noise levels, planning to separate noisy activities from homes, building noise-reducing structures
125
What is a common challenge in urban areas?
Informal settlements
126
What is one option for managing informal settlements?
Bulldoze and clear away the buildings
127
What is Operation Murambatsvina?
A campaign in Zimbabwe to forcibly clear slum areas, affecting 700,000 people directly
128
What is another option for managing informal settlements?
Clear away but relocate people
129
What is the Kenya Slum Upgrading Programme (KENSUP)?
A program to improve housing and infrastructure for 5.3 million people in squatter settlements in Kenya
130
What is a third option for managing informal settlements?
Redevelop the area
131
What is the goal of redevelopment in informal settlements?
Raise the standard of living for residents
132
What is a fourth option for managing informal settlements?
Self-help or site-and-service schemes
133
What do self-help schemes provide?
Tools, training, and low-cost loans to help people improve their homes
134
What is the 'Slum to Neighbourhood' project?
A site-and-service scheme providing brick homes with basic services for residents
135
What is the fifth option for managing informal settlements?
Ignore them altogether
136
What happens when local governments ignore informal settlements?
Residents may gradually improve their homes independently
137
What is the capital city of Brazil?
The capital city of Brazil is Brasilia.
138
What is the population of Rio de Janeiro?
Rio de Janeiro has a population of over 12.5 million.
139
What industries are prominent in Rio de Janeiro?
Rio is a major trading port with oil refining and shipbuilding industries.
140
What are the main exports of Rio de Janeiro?
The main exports are iron, steel, and crude petroleum.
141
What major event did Rio host in 2016?
Rio hosted the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics.
142
What is a significant factor driving migration to Rio?
Rapid growth of rural-to-urban migration in search of jobs.
143
What challenges do rural migrants face in agriculture?
Farming is challenging and unprofitable, with poor pay and significant wealth gaps.
144
What percentage of Rio's population lives in favelas?
More than 20% of the population lives in favelas.
145
What is the largest favela in Rio de Janeiro?
Rocinha is the biggest and most developed informal settlement.
146
What is the condition of homes in many favelas?
75% of favela homes have tiled floors, and 95% are constructed of solid materials.
147
What transportation issues does Rio face?
Rio's roads are congested, and rail service is limited.
148
At what age do children start school in Brazil?
Children start school at 4 years old.
149
What is a barrier to education in certain neighborhoods of Rio?
Violence is a barrier to education.
150
What has contributed to increased crime rates in Rio?
High unemployment and small crimes like pickpocketing.
151
What environmental challenges do Rio households face?
Many households lack access to safe, running water.
152
What is the government's view on favelas?
The government views its favelas as eyesores that give the city a poor image.
153
What was the Favela Bairro Project?
A project aimed to give residents access to basic services and formally recognize them as city neighborhoods.
154
What is the Sustainable Favela Network?
A charity that helps build resilience and environmental sustainability in favelas.
155
What financial assistance did the Brazilian Federal Savings Bank provide?
It offered locals 100% mortgages to purchase homes.
156
What challenges do residents face with mortgage payments?
Many favelas have limited access to public transport, making it difficult to find or get to work.
