Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

IPE > Sex Differences in Sport and Exercise > Flashcards

Sex Differences in Sport and Exercise Flashcards

(85 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Sex

A

based on biological characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Gender

A

a way people identify themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Female genotype

A

XX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Male genotype

A

XY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What percent of individuals are thought to be in the middle of the sex continuum or disorders of sex development (DSD)?

A

approximately 2%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the prevalance of of total number of people whose bodies differ from standard male or female?

A

1 in 100 births

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sexual dimorphisms

A

distinct differences between males and females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are sources of sexual dimorphisms?

A

Body composition:
* muscle mass
* heart size
* adiposity

Hemoglobin concentration
Sex-steroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do males tend to have higher levels of endogenously?

A

testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do females typically have higher levels of endogenously?

A

estrogen and progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the range of testosterone in a typical adult male?

A

270-1070 ng/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the range of estrogen in a typical adult male?

A

10-40 pg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the range of progesterone in a typical adult male?

A

< 1 ng/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the range of testosterone in a typical adult female?

A

20-70 ng/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the range of estrogen in a typical adult female?

A

pre-menopausal: 10-350 pg/dL
post-menopausal: < 10 pg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the range of progesterone in a typical adult female?

A

follicular stage: < 1ng/dL
luteal stage: 2-25 ng/dL
post-menopausal: < 1 ng/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe testosterone production in people with testes?

A

95% production comes from testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe testosterone production in people without testes.

A
  • adipose and lungs (androstenedione) = 50%
  • ovaries = 25% (if present)
  • adrenal cortex = 25%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe estrogen/progesterone production in people with ovaries.

A

ovaries produce most in people with them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe estrogen/progesterone production in people without ovaries.

A
  • testes = 20%
  • adipose, brain, skin, bone = the rest of production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is the majority of estrogen produced in people without ovaries?

A

conversion of testosterone into estrogen via aromatase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the blood carrier protein testosterone requires?

A

SHBG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What receptor does does testosterone bind to?

A

androgen receptor (AR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Androgenic

A

promotes “masculine” physical features

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Is testosterone anabolic or catabolic?
anabolic - testosterone promotes protein synthesis
26
What should be known about testosterone in regards to sex differences in exercise performance?
it is the key determinant of sex differences in exercise performance
27
What are testosterones acute responses to exercise training?
temporary increased testosterone levels * stimulates muscle protein synthesis and recovery enhance testosterone sensitivity * increases sensitivity of muscle cells to anabolic effects
28
How does chronic training affect testosterone?
improved testosterone production * created more efficient testosterone production and release enhanced testosterone utilization * leads to greater muscle growth and strength gains
29
What are the benefits of supraphysiological testosterone?
gains in muscle mass and strength
30
What are some of the adverse effects of supraphysiological testosterone?
* ventricular wall thickening * high blood glucose * high blood lipids * androngenic effects * psychological disturbances (aggression, violence)
31
What are two points about sex and individual differences in testosterone and physiological adaptation?
1. dose-response relationship for testosterone 2. androgen receptor content and sensitivity
32
What blood carrier protein does estrogen require?
SHBG
33
What receptor does estrogen bind to?
estrogen receptors (ER)
34
Does estrogen play as large of a role in sex differences in exercise performance as testosterone?
no, estrogen is not a primary contributor to sex differences in exercise performance
35
How does estrogen indirectly limit exercise performance?
* increases body fat % * wider hips --> increased risk and incidence of knee injuries (compared to males)
35
Where does estrogen cause female fat depostion?
rapid storage of adipose tissue on thigh and hips
36
Why is there rapid storage of adipose tissue on hips and thighs?
increased lipoprotein lipase activity
37
Estrogen can reduce lipolytic activity in thighs and hips doing what to women?
give distinct female fat deposition pattern
38
Sexual Dimorphisms: High Testosterone
* increased bone formation --> larger bones * increased protein synthesis --> larger muscles * increased EPO secretion --> higheer RBC production
39
What is the significance of high testosterone during development?
high testosterone during development leads to life-long differences in body size and physiology
40
Sexual Dimorphisms: High Estrogen
* increased fat deposition (lipoprotein lipase) * increased fat mass, increased % body fat * faster, briefer bone growth * shorter stature, lower total body mass
41
# Sex Differences: Body Composition Height in females compared to males?
5 inches shorter
42
# Sex Differences: Body Composition Weight (lbs) in females compared to males?
30-40 lbs lighter
43
# Sex Differences: Body Composition Adipose tissure in females compared to males?
7-13 lbs more in females
44
# Sex Differences: Body Composition Relative body fat in females compared to males?
6-10% higher relative body fat
45
# Sex Differences: Body Composition Effects of estrogen during puberty?
shortened time for development
46
# Sex Differences: Body Composition Effects of testosterone during puberty?
increases muscle and bone growth
47
# Sex Differences: Muscle Strength **Absolute Strength** of the upper body in females compared to males?
women 40-60% weaker
48
# Sex Differences: Muscle Strength **Absolute Strength** of lower body in females compared to males?
women 25-30% weaker
49
# Sex Differences: Muscle Strength Why are females typically weaker compared to males? What is this due to?
* females have smaller muscle fibers * weakness is due to total muscle mass difference, not difference in innate muscle mechanisms
50
# Sex Differences: Muscle Strength What happens when strength is expressed per unit of muscle cross-sectional area?
no sex strength disparity exist when expressed per unit of muscle cross-sectional area * more cross-bridges = more force
51
# Sex Differences: Muscle Strength **Relative Strength** comparison of fiber-type distribution between females and males?
similar fiber-type distribution
52
# Sex Differences: Muscle Strength Relative Strength comparison of capillarization between males and females?
similar capillarization
53
# Sex Differences: Muscle Strength At the same **Relative Intensity**, females tend to be more what?
fatigue resistant
54
# Sex Differences: Metabolism Females rely more on what type of metabolism?
fat metabolism * women spare glucose better than males
55
# Responses to Acute Exercise: Cardiovascular Function What are the sex differences in maximum HR?
there a no sex differences in maximum HR
56
# Responses to Acute Exercise: Cardiovascular Function For the same **absolute** submaximal workload, how does cardiac output compare?
same cardiac outputs
57
# Responses to Acute Exercise: Cardiovascular Function At the same absolute submaximal workload, how do female CO differ from males?
females have a decrease SV and an increased HR (compensatory)
58
# Responses to Acute Exercise: Cardiovascular Function Why do women have a decreased SV and an increased HR during the same **absolute** submaximal workload?
* smaller heart * smaller left ventricle (smaller EF) * smaller blood volume
59
# Responses to Acute Exercise: Cardiovascular Function Females also compensate for decreased hemoglobin. How?
via increased (a-v)O2 difference (to an extent)
60
# Responses to Acute Exercise: Cardiovascular Function For the same **relative** submaximal workload, what do males have greater of?
greater CO * often have greater maximal exercise capacity and oxygen consumption * females tend to have lower oxygen consumption
61
# Responses to Acute Exercise: Respiratory Function Sex differences in respiratory function are largely due to what?
body composition * lung volume * body size
62
# Responses to Acute Exercise: Respiratory Function For the same **relative** submaximal workload, how does breathing frequency differ between females and males?
similar breathing frequency
63
# Responses to Acute Exercise: Respiratory Function For the same **absolute** submaximal workload, how does breathing frequency differ between females and males?
females have increased breathing frequency
64
# Responses to Acute Exercise: Respiratory Function At submaximal (relative and absolute) and up how do female tidal and ventilatory volumes compare?
* decreased tidal volume * decreased ventilatory volume
65
# Response to Acute Exercise: Maximal Oxygen Consumption How does VO2max compare in females and males?
~25 % lower in females compared to males
66
# Response to Acute Exercise: Maximal Oxygen Consumption Why is VO2max so much lower in females?
decreased max CO * decreased heart size, decrease plasma volume * decreased hemoglobin? decreased lactate threshold at same absolute workload
67
# Response to Acute Exercise: Maximal Oxygen Consumption When can true sex differences be seen?
when trained males and females vs untrained individuals
68
# Response to Acute Exercise: Maximal Oxygen Consumption When are sex differences minimized?
when VO2max in made relative to body consumption variables * height, weight, FFM, limb volume
69
# Adaptation to Exercise Training: Body Composition What are the sex differences in adaptations?
no sex differences in adaptations * decreased total body mass, fat mass, % body fat * increase FFM bone mineral density maintained by weight-bearing exercise no effect of sex on connective tissue injury
70
# Adaptation to Exercise Training: Muscle Strength What are the sex differences in adaptations?
similar relative (percent) increases in muscle hypertrophy, strength, and power * males are stronger before training, so absolute increases are larger than females * muscle strength greater in males due to a greater cross-sectional area of muscle
71
# Adaptation to Exercise Training: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function What are adaptations in submaximal intensity aerobic exercise?
CO unchanged due to increased SV and decreased HR
72
# Adaptation to Exercise Training: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function What are the adaptations in maximal intensity aerobic exercise?
* increased preload and contractility --> increased SV max --> increased CO * increased muscle blood flow and capillary density * increased maximal ventilation
73
# Adaptation to Exercise Training: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function What are the adaptations in VO2max?
* increases 15-25% * increased CO, increased muscle blood flow * dependent on type of training
74
# Adaptation to Exercise Training: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function What are the adaptations in lactate threshold?
* increased lactate threshold * decreased blood lactate for a given work rate
75
How does sport performance compare between females and males?
males outperform females by all objective standards of competition * most noticeable in upper-body events * less noticeable in ultra-endurance events
76
# Female Athlete Triad How do exercise responses differ across the menstrual cycle?
no physiological differences in exercise responses across menstrual phases * high individula variability * psychosocial responses
77
# Female Athlete Triad Overtraining can lead to menstrual dysfunction... How?
* effects of stress (psychological and physiological) * high volume and/or intensity * low body weight and/or % body fat * energy deficit * hormonal alterations
78
# Female Athlete Triad What is the female athlete triad?
particularly common in sports that value leanness or appearance (running and ballet) * menstrual dysfunction * low energy availability: reduced caloric intake and/or excessive exercise * decreased bone mineral density: estrogen deficiency, nutrient deficiency
79
# Female Athlete Triad Treatment
* increase caloric intake * decrease activity
80
Exercise during pregnancy?
benefits outweigh risks if recommendations are followed
81
# Menopause When does menopause usually occur?
between ages 45 - 55 * symptoms can significantly lower QOL
82
# Menopause How do estrogen and progesterone levels during menopause compare?
now similar to males * leads to significantly increased risk of osteoporosis
83
# Menopause Exercise?
exercise is recommended to improve mood, decrease depression, and improve sleep
84
Why do physiological differences persist after menopause?
* body size/ventilatory capacity * life-long exposure to estrogen * age-related changes

IPE (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions