sex gender Flashcards
(175 cards)
1
Q
gender
A
gender - social roles and expectations that we attach to people based on their sex
2
Q
gender identity
A
gender identity - how individuals identify themselves
3
Q
gender markers
A
gender markers - socially prescribed attributes that display our gender identity to others
4
Q
intersexed
A
intersexed - have components of both male and female reproductive systems
5
Q
hermaphroditism
A
hermaphroditism - having components of both male and female reproductive systems
6
Q
male female
A
male/female – refers to biological sex
7
Q
masculine femnine
A
masculine/feminine – refers to social roles of gender
8
Q
primary sex characteristics
A
primary sex characteristics - physiological differences in genitalia and reproductive organs
9
Q
secondary sex characteristics
A
secondary sex characteristics - distinguishing features that are not part of the reproductive system, like the presence and absence of breasts, an Adam’s apple, and facial hair
10
Q
sex
A
sex - the biological characteristics that distinguish between males and females of a species
11
Q
social construction
A
social construction - a set of shared beliefs negotiated among people in a society
12
Q
transgendered
A
transgendered - individuals who identify as a gender that does not correspond with their biological sex
13
Q
transexual
A
transsexuals - individuals who have their bodies surgically altered to appear as the opposite sex
14
Q
1. Which one of the following is NOT a secondary sex characteristic? A)Adam’s apple B)Breasts C)Earrings D)Facial hair
A
C)Earrings
15
Q
- Intersexed people, or hermaphrodites, are individuals who _________________.
A)are born with biological traits that do not clearly correspond to male or female
B)are referred to as berdache in Native American cultures
C)choose to live as the gender opposite of their biological sex
D)firmly support the connection between sex and gender
A
A)are born with biological traits that do not clearly correspond to male or female
16
Q
- In everyday interactions, we usually determine a person’s gender by doing which one of the following actions?
A)Asking them, since it is often not clear
B)Reviewing their primary sex characteristics
C)Waiting until they state a gender identity
D)Inferring from gender markers
A
D)Inferring from gender markers
17
Q
- Which one of the following would we expect from Hyde’s research?
A)Boys and girls have similar potential to succeed in school.
B)Boys and girls show large differences in math ability from early childhood.
C)Low self-esteem among girls is related to biological traits.
D)Taller women are more similar to men than shorter women.
A
A)Boys and girls have similar potential to succeed in school.
18
Q
5. Expectations about masculinity and femininity have been shown to vary across which one of the following? A)Ages B)Cultures C)Historical eras D)All of the above
A
D)All of the above
19
Q
6. Which one of the following phenomena is evidence that gender may differ from sex? A)Gender markers B)Hermaphroditism C)Primary sex characteristics D)Transgenderism
A
D)Transgenderism
20
Q
- Mead’s discovery of the Tchambuli people is important because it shows which one of the following?
A)Biology is the strongest influence on our behavior.
B)Expectations about gender are not the same everywhere.
C)Gender identity may change for individuals over time.
D)Other cultures have not progressed as far as ours has.
A
B)Expectations about gender are not the same everywhere.
21
Q
8. Sex is to gender as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A)biological is to social B)femininity is to masculinity C)male is to female D)social is to biological
A
A)biological is to social
22
Q
- Gender roles are defined as which one of the following?
A)Behaviors that are similar for both men and women
B)Biological traits that shape our personalities
C)Dramatic parts that can only be played by one gender
D)Norms, beliefs, and expectations about gender
A
D)Norms, beliefs, and expectations about gender
23
Q
- We act in accordance with gender role expectations for which one of the following reasons?
A)We are biologically conditioned to do so
B)We have no other choice
C)We hope this will make others do the same
D)We may face negative consequences if we do not do so
A
D)We may face negative consequences if we do not do so
24
Q
3. According to Kane’s research, preschool boys are usually discouraged from which of the following behaviors? A)Playing roughly with each other B)Pretending to cook C)Showing emotional distress D)Both B and C
A
D)Both B and C
25
4. Martin’s study of preschool environments suggests which one of the following?
A)Children are already acting in highly gendered ways by the time they get to preschool B)Gendered patterns of movement and communication may be acquired in preschool.
C)Teachers have very little effect on children’s behavior.
D)Teachers work hard to make boys and girls similar to each other.
A)Children are already acting in highly gendered ways by the time they get to preschool.
26
5. Teachers are more likely to call on boys in class for which one of the following reasons?
A)Boys are naturally more assertive
B)Parents of boys request this treatment
C)They expect that boys need more attention
D)They think that girls are not as smart
C)They expect that boys need more attention
27
6. Concerns about body image affect which one of the following?
A)All those who are driven by psychological trauma
B)All women equally, regardless of race or ethnicity
C)Both men and women, but in different ways
D)Only women
C)Both men and women, but in different ways
28
7. Which one of the following workplace behaviors would be expected within an expressive role?
A)Asking the boss for a raise
B)Finding the most profitable marketing strategy
C)Mediating disagreements between coworkers
D)Searching for new, talented people to hire
A)Asking the boss for a raise
29
8. Sociologists theorize that men are more likely to commit violent crime for which one of the following reasons?
A)They are socialized to see aggression as a way to prove their masculinity
B)They are stronger than women and able to do more damage
C)They have high levels of testosterone, which causes aggression
D)They need to use violence to get resources for their families
A)They are socialized to see aggression as a way to prove their masculinity
30
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9. Based on the dominant gender role expectations, which one of the following occupations would you expect women to more frequently pursue than men?
A)Counselor
B)Lawyer
C)Politician
D)Salesperson
```
A)Counselor
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1. The process of learning social expectations for boys and girls and men and women is called ______________.
A)gender socialization
B)interaction
C)objectification
D)socializing
```
A)gender socialization
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2. Which one of the following is the first major agent of socialization that we encounter?
A)Parents
B)Peers
C)Teachers
D)Television
```
A)Parents
33
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3. Parents contribute to our gender socialization through which one of the following options?
A)Opportunities for activities
B)Rewards and punishments
C)Role models
D)All of the above
```
D)All of the above
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4. Young children are most likely to play in groups that are __________.
A)mixed-sex
B)much younger
C)opposite-sex
D)same-sex
```
D)same-sex
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5. The “hidden curriculum” refers to school practices that teach children how to do which one of the following?
A)Act appropriately masculine or feminine
B)Hide their gender from others
C)Rebel against gender stereotypes
D)Understand sexuality
A)Act appropriately masculine or feminine
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6. A photo of a female athlete in a sports magazine is most likely to depict her ____________.
A)competing with male athletes
B)playing her sport badly
C)playing her sport well
D)posing in a non-athletic setting
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D)posing in a non-athletic setting
37
7. The typical depictions of women’s bodies in advertising may contribute to which one of the following consequences?
A)Men perceiving women only as sex objects
B)Men’s lower self-esteem
C)Women becoming workaholics
D)Women risking their health using steroids to bulk up
A)Men perceiving women only as sex objects
38
8. Which one of the following would be of the LEAST interest to a sociologist studying gender socialization?
A)Gender images in elementary school textbooks
B)Hormone levels during adolescent years
C)Magazines aimed at teenagers
D)Parenting practices for boys and girls
B)Hormone levels during adolescent years
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1. Which one of the following strongly influences our norms about sexuality?
A)Our evolutionary need to reproduce
B)Shared cultural beliefs
C)The structure of our society
D)All of the above
```
D)All of the above
40
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2. Which one of the following norms about sexuality is universally present in societies?
A)Heterosexism
B)Incest taboo
C)Increases in sex before marriage
D)Rules against marrying a first cousin
```
B)Incest taboo
41
3. Cross-cultural variation in incest taboos suggests which one of the following?
A)Most cultures fear genetic mutations.
B)Our sexuality is primarily shaped by biological drives.
C)Scientific knowledge is the primary source for these rules.
D)Some cultures use the taboo to control and create connections to other group
D)Some cultures use the taboo to control and create connections to other groups.
42
4. Which one of the following describes sexual identity?
A)It is a dominant component of identity in all cultures.
B)It is more common in pre-industrial societies.
C)Simply whether we are attracted to the same or opposite sex
D)The incorporation of sexual orientation into our self-conceptions
D)The incorporation of sexual orientation into our self-conceptions
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5. A person who is attracted to both the same and opposite sex is referred to as ____________.
A)asexual
B)bisexual
C)heterosexual
D)homosexual
```
B)bisexual
44
6. Heterosexism refers to which one of the following?
A)Prejudice against lesbians, gays, and bisexuals
B)The promotion of asexuality
C)The proportion of a society that is heterosexual
D)The proportion of a society that is homosexua
A)Prejudice against lesbians, gays, and bisexuals
45
7. Sociologists would suggest that which one of the following might lead to an increase in the number of people practicing homosexuality in a society?
A)Increased dependence on traditional family forms
B)Increased genetic mutations
C)The expansion of incest taboos
D)The reduction in heterosexism in a society
D)The reduction in heterosexism in a society
46
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8. Which one of the following might be a sign of heterosexism in a society?
A)Criminalization of sodomy
B)Expansion of hate-crime laws
C)Expansion of same-sex marriage laws
D)Rituals involving homosexual behavior
```
A)Criminalization of sodomy
47
1. A social construction perspective of sexuality would suggest which one of the following?
A)Our evolutionary need to reproduce drives changes in our social structure.
B)Sexuality expectations and behaviors are shaped by other characteristics of a society.
C)Sexuality norms should be stable across societies.
D)We are ruled by biological urges.
B)Sexuality expectations and behaviors are shaped by other characteristics of a society.
48
2. Which one of the following is true about sexual scripts?
A)They are a set of norms and expectations that guide our sexual interaction.
B)They are pre-determined by our evolutionary drives.
C)They differ by society, but are similar for men and women in a particular society.
D)They differ for men and women, but are similar across societies.
A)They are a set of norms and expectations that guide our sexual interaction.
49
3. Which one of the following is NOT likely to be among the causes of the sexual revolution?
A)Increasing numbers of women attending college
B)Invention of a female birth control pill
C)Legalization of abortion in the early 1970s
D)The sexual double standard
D)The sexual double standard
50
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4. Which one of the following is an example of sexual politics?
A)Anti-miscegenation laws
B)Availability of birth control
C)Non marital sexuality
D)The sexual revolution
```
C)Non marital sexuality
51
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5. In recent years, our society has seen more of which one of the following?
A)A stigma towards non-marital sex
B)Heterosexism
C)Homophobia
D)Women who have sex “like men”
```
D)Women who have sex “like men”
52
6. A sociologist would argue that anti-miscegenation laws do which one of the following?
A)Are the cause of racial discrimination
B)Are used to support racial inequalities
C)Arise from the “masculinization” of sex
D)Reflect our society’s fear of mixed-race children
B)Are used to support racial inequalities
53
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7. Concerns about pornography stem from which one of the following?
A)Conservatives but not feminists
B)Feminists but not conservatives
C)The sexual double standard
D)Both feminists and conservatives
```
D)Both feminists and conservatives
54
8. Which of the following is true about the sexual double standard?
A)It has given women more sexual freedom than men.
B)It imposes different consequences on men and women for sexual activity.
C)It is no longer a problem since the sexual revolution.
D)It was ruled unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court.
B)It imposes different consequences on men and women for sexual activity.
55
1. Structural functionalists suggest that sexual norms exist to accomplish which one of the following?
A)Encourage family stability
B)Keep women subordinate to men
C)Prevent individuals from experiencing pleasure
D)Reduce the birth rate
A)Encourage family stability
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2. Which theoretical perspective would suggest that rules against homosexuality serve a stabilizing purpose in society?
A)Feminist
B)Social conflict
C)Structural functionalist
D)Symbolic interactionist
```
C)Structural functionalist
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3. Structural functionalists would argue that prostitution and pornography do which one following?
A)Denigrate and dehumanize women
B)Serve a latent function for society
C)Serve a manifest function for society
D)Threaten the moral fabric of society
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B)Serve a latent function for society
58
4. Conflict theorists suggest that sexual norms exist to do which one of the following?
A)Elevate the value of women
B)Maintain social inequalities
C)Promote social solidarity
D)Reduce the birth rate, and therefore reduce social conflict
B)Maintain social inequalities
59
5. To a social conflict theorist, which one of the following is a problem with pornography?
A)It encourages a view of women as playthings for men.
B)It gives individuals an outlet for sexual arousal.
C)It promotes sexuality outside of marriage.
D)Poor law enforcement makes it available to minors.
A)It encourages a view of women as playthings for men.
60
6. According to social conflict theories, the sexual abuse of black women during slavery was which one of following?
A)A direct response to the threat of black men
B)A manifest function of slavery
C)A result of uncontrollable biological urges
D)Part of an effort to maintain racial inequality
D)Part of an effort to maintain racial inequality
61
7. Which one of the following phenomena is a symbolic interactionist most likely to study?
A)Anti-miscegenation laws
B)Changes in birth control use over time
C)Changes in the meaning and importance of virginity over time
D)Increases in adoption by same-sex couples
C)Changes in the meaning and importance of virginity over time
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8. To a symbolic interactionist, a pink triangle pin represents which one of the following?
A)A manifest function
B)A sign of oppression
C)A statement of sexual identity
D)An admission of homosexual behavior
```
C)A statement of sexual identity
63
1. Gender stratification refers to which one of the following?
A)A society viewing men and women as different from each other.
B)The myths a society holds about the origins of men and women.
C)The ratio of men to women in a society.
D)The unequal allocation of resources and rewards by gender.
D)The unequal allocation of resources and rewards by gender.
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2. What does it mean to say that gender stratification is universal?
A)It has been observed in every culture and society.
B)It is an inborn characteristic.
C)It is an inevitable feature of society.
D)It varies greatly across society.
A)It has been observed in every culture and society.
65
3. Which one of the following statements supports the idea that gender stratification is multidimensional?
A)Men out-earn women in almost every developed country.
B)Women in Saudi Arabia have high life expectancies, but are not allowed to drive.
C)Women in the United States have high educational attainment and political representation.
D)Women lost status in hunting societies due to the demands of childrearing.
B)Women in Saudi Arabia have high life expectancies, but are not allowed to drive.
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4. Which one of the following societal characteristics is associated with increased male dominance?
A)A lack of private property
B)Environmental stresses
C)Involved fatherhood
D)Women and men working togethe
```
B)Environmental stresses
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5. Which one of the following is NOT one of the dimensions of gender inequality measured by the World Economic Forum?
A)Economic participation and opportunity
B)Educational attainment
C)Involved fatherhood
D)Political empowerment
```
C)Involved fatherhood
68
6. Social scientists are LEAST likely to believe which one of the following explanations for the origins of gender stratification?
A)Connections between childrearing needs and the division of labor
B)Religious beliefs about women’s subordination
C)The advent of private property and capitalism
D)The need to train and reward warriors
B)Religious beliefs about women’s subordination
69
7. Marvin Harris 1977 argued that women’s subordination resulted from which one of the following?
A)The fact that women could not rear children and hunt
B)The idea that Eve was created from Adam’s rib
C)The movement of men into the paid labor force
D)The need to train and reward warriors
D)The need to train and reward warriors
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8. Gender segregation refers to which one of the following?
A)The difference between men and women
B)The inequality of men and women
C)The separation of men from women
D)All of the above
```
C)The separation of men from women
71
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1. The word “patriarchy” has the literal meaning of _____________.
A)father dominance
B)father rule
C)male dominance
D)mother rule
```
B)father rule
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2. The majority of observed societies have been characterized as ________________.
A)matriarchies
B)patriarchies
C)neither matriarchal nor patriarchal
D)both matriarchal and patriarchal
```
B)patriarchies
73
3. Lerner 1986 argues that the origins of patriarchy stem from which one of the following?
A)Incest taboos
B)Natural aggression in men
C)The development of private property
D)Women’s role as childbearers and rearers
D)Women’s role as childbearers and rearers
74
4. Which one of the following laws or practices could be seen as manifestations of patriarchy?
A)Affirmative action programs for women
B)Anti-discrimination laws
C)Restrictions on birth control and abortion
D)None of the above
C)Restrictions on birth control and abortion
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5. The Mingangkabau of West Sumatra refer to their own society as _________________.
A)gender egalitarian
B)matriarchaat
C)patriarchaat
D)patronizing
```
B)matriarchaat
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6. Sanday’s 2002 study of the Mingangkabau suggests that gender relations in matriarchies are ______________________.
A)exactly opposite of patriarchies
B)fairly egalitarian, despite female leadership
C)non-existent
D)very similar to patriarchies
B)fairly egalitarian, despite female leadership
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7. The Mingangkabau display all but which one of the following characteristics?
A)They assign fewer rights to men
B)They refer to their culture as matriarchal
C)They trace descent through the maternal line
D)Women are active in political life
A)They assign fewer rights to men
78
8. Which one of the following is true of patriarchy?
A)It is dying out in most cultures today.
B)It is usually characterized by social, but not political, equality for women.
C)It takes different forms across cultures.
D)It takes the same forms in most cultures.
C)It takes different forms across cultures.
79
1. Which one of the following supports patriarchy?
A)Denying women the right to vote
B)Excluding women from higher education
C)Formal policies
D)Formal practices and the use of sexist ideologies
D)Formal practices and the use of sexist ideologies
80
2. Sexism refers to which one of the following?
A)A set of beliefs that one gender is inferior to another
B)Affirmative action programs
C)Social beliefs that restrict sexual behavior within marriage
D)The inequalities that result from misogyny
A)A set of beliefs that one gender is inferior to another
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3. Misogyny refers to which one of the following?
A)Any discriminatory ideologies
B)Negative ideologies about women
C)Sexist beliefs aimed at men
D)Societies that are women dominated
```
B)Negative ideologies about women
82
4. Which one of the following is an example of misogyny?
A)Media portrayals of women as unintelligent
B)Television shows that portray women in careers
C)The election of the first women president
D)When an unqualified woman is hired for a job
A)Media portrayals of women as unintelligent
83
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5. Which one of the following statements about misandry in recent decades is correct?
A)It has been overlooked
B)It has replaced misogyny
C)It is on the rise
D)It is still less common than misogyny
```
D)It is still less common than misogyny
84
6. Which one of the following do men’s movement activists argue about misandry?
A)It has become more common than misogyny
B)It has never existed in any systematic way
C)It is an outgrowth of patriarchy
D)It is less harmful to society than misogyny
A)It has become more common than misogyny
85
7. Sociologists would argue which one of the following points about Edward Clarke’s beliefs about women in education?
A)They are a sign of improved gender equality
B)They are based on scientific evidence of gender difference
C)They are part of a new feminist ideology
D)They can result in a self-fulfilling prophecy, when lack of education is then used to justify other inequalities
C)They are part of a new feminist ideology
86
8. Critics like Kilbourne suggest which one of the following about mass media?
A)It has shown remarkable progress in portrayals of women in the last 40 years
B)It is the ultimate cause of patriarchy
C)It spreads misogyny via biased portrayals of women
D)It works hard to counter misogyny
C)It spreads misogyny via biased portrayals of women
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1. If we compare the average wages of full-time workers, women currently earn what percentage of what men earn?
A)59
B)75
C)82
D)100
```
C)82
88
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2. Which proportion of women with children under 18 are in the labor force?
A)One-fourth
B)One-half
C)Two-thirds
D)Three-fourths
```
C)Two-thirds
89
3. Human capital theory suggests that women earn less for which one of the following reasons?
A)The jobs they work in are less valued.
B)They are discriminated against by male employers.
C)They bring fewer valuable skills and less experience to the labor market.
D)They work in the secondary labor market.
C)They bring fewer valuable skills and less experience to the labor market.
90
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4. Which one of the following theories connects the wage gap to occupational segregation?
A)Dual labor market
B)Human capital
C)Intersectional
D)Second shift
```
A)Dual labor market
91
5. Occupational segregation refers to which one of the following?
A)The difference in men’s and women’s average wages
B)The difficulty women have being promoted
C)The separation of men and women into different jobs
D)None of the above
C)The separation of men and women into different jobs
92
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6. A woman who has difficulty getting promoted in her profession is said to have encountered the ______________.
A)dual labor market
B)glass ceiling
C)glass escalator
D)second shift
```
B)glass ceiling
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7. According to Williams’s 1995 research, men in female-dominated occupations are likely to experience which one of the following?
A)Exclusion from women’s networks
B)Lower wages
C)More opportunities for advancement
D)Sexual harassment
```
C)More opportunities for advancement
94
8. Intersection theory suggests which one of the following?
A)All men experience privilege in the labor force.
B)Gender is more important than race in determining labor market opportunities.
C)Women are subject to a different and inferior tier of the labor market than men.
D)Women of different races and classes may face different obstacles or advantages in the workforce.
D)Women of different races and classes may face different obstacles or advantages in the workforce.
95
9. Sociologists suggest that motivations for rape and sexual harassment are based in which one of the following?
A)Overwhelming sexual attraction between men and women.
B)The association of masculinity with power and dominance.
C)The inability of some men to attract women any other way.
D)The natural result of men’s testosterone levels.
B)The association of masculinity with power and dominance.
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10. Women’s responsibility for housework and child care, on top of labor force participation, is referred to as the ____________________.
A)dual labor market
B)glass ceiling
C)glass escalator
D)second shift
```
D)second shift
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11. Women’s responsibilities at home have which one of the following consequences on their labor market participation?
A)Employers view women workers more positively, due to their family responsibilities.
B)Women are unable to meet the expectations associated with an “ideal worker.”
C)Women are unable to support their families due to the wage gap.
D)Women prefer the emotional gratification of child care to the competition they face in the workplace.
B)Women are unable to meet the expectations associated with an “ideal worker.”
98
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12. Men make up the majority of those arrested for which one of the following crimes?
A)Assault
B)Murder
C)Rape
D)All of the above
```
D)All of the above
99
13. Which one of the following is true about women’s fear of violence?
A)It comes from the fact that they are more likely to be the victims of all kinds of violent crime.
B)It further limits their freedom of movement.
C)It is a response to their inability to physically defend themselves.
D)It is an irrational response to media reports of violence.
B)It further limits their freedom of movement.
100
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1. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination in employment on the basis of which one of the following?
A)National origin
B)Race
C)Sex
D)All of the above
```
D)All of the above
101
2. Transgender individuals who face employment discrimination can use which legislation for help?
A)The Equal Rights Amendment
B)Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
C)Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972
D)None of the above
B)Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
102
3. Women’s athletic participation at colleges and universities has been most helped by which piece of legislation?
A)The Equal Rights Amendment
B)Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
C)Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972
D)None of the above
C)Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972
103
4. Which of the following statements is true about the Equal Rights Amendment?
A)It attempted to gain special rights for women, like maternity leave.
B)It was an attempt to include gender equality in the U.S. Constitution.
C)It was first drafted in 1972.
D)It was ratified in 1972.
B)It was an attempt to include gender equality in the U.S. Constitution.
104
5. Which one of the following inequalities could NOT be addressed with Title VII of the Civil Rights Act?
A)A transgender individual is fired from her job when she transitions.
B)A woman and man are working in the same position, but earn different salaries.
C)A woman experiences sexual harassment on the job.
D)Child care workers with college degrees usually earn significantly less than male parking lot attendants.
D)Child care workers with college degrees usually earn significantly less than male parking lot attendants.
105
6. The “mommy tax” refers to which one of the following?
A)Extra government taxes paid by individuals with children
B)Extra government taxes paid by workers to cover paid parental leave
C)Higher wages earned by men who are fathers
D)Wages foregone by women with childrearing responsibilities
D)Wages foregone by women with childrearing responsibilities
106
7. Which one of the following statements describes the United States maternity leave policy, compared to other nations?
A)Most countries, including the U.S., do not offer paid leave.
B)Most countries offer paid leave, but the U.S. does not.
C)The U.S. offers more paid leave than other nations.
D)The U.S. policy is similar to most other nations.
B)Most countries offer paid leave, but the U.S. does not.
107
8. How do Affirmative Action policies differ from anti-discrimination policies?
A)AA affects education, and anti-discrimination laws cover employment AND education.
B)AA covers race, and anti-discrimination laws cover race and sex.
C)AA is required by law, but anti-discrimination enforcement is not.
D)Anti-discrimination laws address discrimination when it happens, and AA tries to prevent discrimination.
D)Anti-discrimination laws address discrimination when it happens, and AA tries to prevent discrimination.
108
1. Which one of the following is the goal of feminism?
A)Achieve political, economic, and social equality for women and men
B)Achieve special rights for women
C)Do away with the traditional family form
D)Eradicate our binary system of gender
A)Achieve political, economic, and social equality for women and men
109
2. Which one of the following is NOT true about feminist theory?
A)It attempts to understand and alleviate inequalities by gender.
B)It considers the central role that gender plays in our society.
C)It includes diverse ideas about how to achieve equality.
D)It suggests that gender differences are unavoidable.
D)It suggests that gender differences are unavoidable
110
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3. Betty Friedan’s idea that women were languishing in their family roles was a central concern of which wave of the women’s movement?
A)First
B)Second
C)Third
D)Fourth
```
B)Second
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4. Which wave of the feminist movement resulted in the Nineteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution?
A)First
B)Second
C)Third
D)Fourth
```
A)First
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5. Which wave of the feminist movement has raised concerns about global feminism and transgendered rights?
A)First
B)Second
C)Third
D)Fourth
```
C)Third
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6. Which strand of feminist theory seeks to increase women’s opportunities within the existing social structure and economy?
A)Liberal
B)Multicultural
C)Radical
D)Socialist
```
A)Liberal
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7. A feminist who argues for abolition of pornography is most likely a believer in which type of feminism?
A)Liberal
B)Multicultural
C)Radical
D)Socialist
```
C)Radical
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8. A socialist feminist is likely to see which one of the following as the main cause of gender inequality?
A)All men
B)Differential access to education and jobs
C)Gender socialization in childhood
D)The capitalist economic system
D)The capitalist economic system
116
9. Multicultural feminism is likely to be concerned with which one of the following issues?
A)Equal pay for men and women
B)Gaining the right to vote
C)Overthrow of the capitalism system
D)Understanding the interconnections between race and gender oppression
D)Understanding the interconnections between race and gender oppression
117
1. Structural functionalists view the different roles for men and women as a_________________.
A)byproduct of capitalism
B)contributor to social order and stability
C)source of conflict in society
D)way to ease interactions
B)contributor to social order and stability
118
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2. Parsons and Bales 1955 argue that men in contemporary society occupy which one of the following roles?
A)Expressive
B)Functional
C)Instrumental
D)Symbolic
```
C)Instrumental
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3. Which one of the following statements best reflects a structural functionalist viewpoint?
A)Biological differences between men and women determine the inequalities in our current society.
B)Interactions between men and women are used to perform gender differences.
C)Marriages are more stable when spouses take on traditional gender roles.
D)Men are the primary beneficiaries when women stay home with children.
C)Marriages are more stable when spouses take on traditional gender roles.
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4. Feminist scholars typically criticize structural functionalists because functionalists tend to do which one of the following?
A)Fail to give enough attention to interactions
B)Fail to see the importance of gender in society
C)Ignore the role of biological differences
D)Justify but do not challenge gender inequality
D)Justify but do not challenge gender inequality
121
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5. To conflict theorists, gender is primarily about _____________.
A)biology
B)interaction
C)power relations
D)social order
```
C)power relations
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6. Friedrich Engels argued that a woman’s role as an unpaid homemaker is ______________.
A)better for child development
B)good for social stability
C)preferred by women
D)profitable for men and capitalism
```
D)profitable for men and capitalism
123
7. A symbolic interactionist would be most interested in which one of the following research questions?
A)Do men and women receive the same wage returns in the workforce for increased education?
B)Do same-sex couples show better or worse relationship stability than heterosexual couples?
C)How are assertive women perceived in interactions with male managers?
D)How do women’s family responsibilities affect their ability to compete with men for jobs?
C)How are assertive women perceived in interactions with male managers?
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8. West and Zimmerman 1987 argue that gender is _________________.
A)a byproduct of capitalism
B)beneficial for women
C)functional for society
D)something we “do” in interactions
```
D)something we “do” in interactions
125
expressive role
expressive role - gaining expertise in managing social and emotional interactions
126
gender roles
gender roles - the set of norms, beliefs, and expectations about what boys and girls and men and women should and shouldn’t do
127
gender socialization
gender socialization - the process of learning these social roles
128
instrumental role
instrumental role - taking charge in situations and taking action
129
agents of socialization
agents of socialization - the people and structures that teach us these lessons
130
gender socilazation
gender socialization - process where we learn how to be masculine or feminine
131
asexuality
asexuality - those who have little to no sexual attraction to either sex
132
bisexuality
bisexuality - those who are attracted to both sexes
133
homosexuality
homosexuality - individuals who are attracted primarily to same-sex partners
134
heterosexism
heterosexism - prejudice against individuals who are not heterosexual
135
heterosexuality
heterosexuality - individuals who are attracted primarily to opposite-sex partners
136
sexual identity
sexual identity - how we define ourselves relative to our attraction to same-sex or opposite-sex partners
137
sexual orientation
sexual orientation - same-sex or opposite-sex attraction
138
social construction perspective
social construction perspective - examining how our society creates shared meanings and expectations about sexuality that are not solely rooted in biology
139
homophobia
homophobia - fear and judgment of non-heterosexual orientation
140
queer theory
queer theory - questions the normative assumption of heterosexuality and bias against non-heterosexual identity and behavior
141
sexual double standard
sexual double standard - enforcing a different standard of sexuality for men and women
142
sexual politics
sexual politics - the ways that sexuality is used to display and reinforce power relations
143
sexual revolution
sexual revolution - relaxed proscriptions on non-marital and non-reproductive sexuality
144
sexual scripts
sexual scripts – how people act on their sexuality based on the characteristics of their culture, and their own characteristics
145
social construction perspective
social construction perspective - the ways that our shared ideas of sexual behavior are tied to other aspects of social life, notably constructions of deviance and normalcy, the structure of a society, and other long-standing inequalities in our society
146
objectification of women
objectification of women - the representation of women used to embody male sexual fantasy
147
sexual sterotypes
sexual stereotypes - broad generalizations about men and women that are used to enforce inequalities between men and women
148
gender segregation
gender segregation - the separation of men and women, as in different occupations or industries
149
gender stratification
gender stratification - inequalities in power and resources that are associated with gender differences
150
matriarchy
matriarchy - societies where women in general are given rights and privileges over men
151
patriarchy
patriarchy - societies where men in general are given rights and privileges over women
152
misandry
misandry - man-hating beliefs and practices that support female dominance
153
misogyny
misogyny – literally "woman hatred," beliefs and practices that support male dominance
154
sexism
sexism - overarching ideology that favors one gender over another
155
discrimination
discrimination - differential treatment based on gender
156
dual labor market theory
dual labor market theory – economic theory that suggests that what looks like one labor market is really two separate labor markets, divided into “good” jobs and “bad” jobs
157
glass ceiling
glass ceiling – obstacles that keep women from moving into the upper echelons of the corporate world
158
human capital theory
human capital theory – economic theory that workers’ wages are based primarily on the particular assets and skills that are valued by employers
159
intersection theory
intersection theory - gender, race, and class are interrelated systems of oppression that affect individuals’ life chances
160
labor force participation rate
labor force participation rate - the percentage of adults in a group who are either working or looking for work at a particular time
161
minority group status
minority group status - an assignment to a social group that results in accorded lower social status and fewer rewards than the dominant group even when they are the numerical majority
162
occupational segregation
occupational segregation - the separation of men and women into different jobs
163
second shift
second shift - additional hours of work that married women do after their paid work to keep a family healthy and productive
164
sexual harassment
sexual harassment - an unwanted sexual advance or the consistent presence of sexual comments or pornographic material
165
affirmative action
Affirmative Action – policy to prevent discrimination by increasing educational and employment opportunities for protected groups
166
era
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) – a proposed amendment to the the U.S. Constitution that guaranteed equal rights by gender, but ultimately did not pass
167
feminism
feminism - belief in political, economic, and social equality for women and men
168
feminist theory
feminist theory - highlights gender as a central organizing concept in society and seeks to understand and alleviate inequalities
169
liberal feminism
liberal feminism – belief that gender equality can be achieved within the current structure and economy
170
multiracial feminism
multiracial feminism - a strand of feminist theory that draws attention to the interplay of race and ethnicity with gender inequality
171
radical fem
radical feminism – equality will only come with the complete overthrow of our economic and political system
172
socialist feminist
socialist feminists - draw on the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, and argue that capitalism itself is the root of gender inequality
173
conflict theory
conflict theory - attempts to understand gender as it relates to conflict between powerful and powerless
174
structural feminism
structural functionalism – understands a phenomenon, like gender inequality, as functional and contributing to social stability
175
symbolic interactionism
symbolic interactionism - looks at the way that we create and perform gender in our interactions
