Sex hormones and menstrual cycle terms

Question 1

any of steroid hormones that are active in sexual and reproductive physiology

Answer 1

sex steroid

Question 2

any of a class of steroids- the most important being testosterone- that promote male sexual development and that have a variety of other functions in both sexes

Answer 2

androgen

Question 3

any of a class steroids -the most important being estradiol - that promote the development of female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty and that have many other functions in both sexes

Answer 3

estrogen

Question 4

an of a class of steroids, the most important being progesterone, that cause the endometrium to proliferate and help maintain pregnancy. (The term progestin is sometimes reserved for synthetic compounds)

Answer 4

progestin (or progestagen)

Question 5

a steroid hormone secreted by the ovary and the placenta; it is necessary for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy

Answer 5

progesterone

Question 6

the principal estrogen, secreted by granulosa cells in ovarian follicles

Answer 6

estradiol

Question 7

the principle androgen, synthesized in the testes and, in lesser amounts, in the ovaries and adrenal glands

Answer 7

testosterone

Question 8

an androgen that plays an important role in the development of the male external genitalia

Answer 8

DHT (dihyrdotestosterone)

Question 9

the enzyme that converts testosterone to estradiol

Answer 9

aromatase

Question 10

the enzyme that converts testosterone to DHT

Answer 10

5-reductase

Question 11

a gland near the kidney that secretes a variety of steroids, including sex steroids

Answer 11

adrenal glands

Question 12

a secretory structure in the ovary derived from an ovarian follicle after ovulation

Answer 12

corpus luteum

Question 13

cells within the corpus luteum that secrete progesterone

Answer 13

granulosa - lutein cells

Question 14

a molecular structure to which a hormone or neurotransmitter binds. upon binding, the receptor trigger a specific cellular activity

Answer 14

receptor

Question 15

a long polymer made up of amino acids

Answer 15

protein

Question 16

a polymer of amino acids, usually shorter than a protein

Answer 16

peptide

Question 17

a gland situated below, and under the control of, the hypothalamus; its posterior lobe secretes oxytocin and vasopressin, and its anterior lobe secretes gonadotrophins and other hormones

Answer 17

pituitary gland

Question 18

a hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that stimulates the release of gonadotrophins from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

Answer 18

gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH

Question 19

a region of the hypothalamus where GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) is secreted, located immediately above the pituitary gland

Answer 19

median eminence

Question 20

one the two major gonadotrophins secreted by the pituitary gland; it promotes maturation of gametes

Answer 20

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 21

one of the two major gonadotrophins secreted by the pituitary gland; it promotes the secretion of androgens and, in females, participates in the regulation of menstrual cycle

Answer 21

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 22

a hormone that regulates the function of gonads

Answer 22

gonadotropin

Question 23

a protein hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that promotes breast development, among other effects

Answer 23

prolactin

Question 24

a protein hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that promotes growth

Answer 24

growth hormone

Question 25

a gonadotropin secreted by the conceptus and by the placenta; it prevents regression of corpus luteum

Answer 25

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Question 26

the developing organism from the 2-cell stage onward, including both embryonic and extraembryonic tissues

Answer 26

conceptus

Question 27

a peptide hormone involved in the interaction between the pituitary gland and the gonads as well as in other functions

Answer 27

inhibin

Question 28

a peptide hormone secreted by Sertoli Cells of the testis that prevents the development of the female internal reproductive tract

Answer 28

anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH)

Question 29

a group of nonsteroidal signaling molecules that, among many other functions, help prepare the uterus for childbirth

Answer 29

prostaglandins

Question 30

compounds containing an amine group, including catecholamines and serotonin

Answer 30

monoamines

Question 31

a monoamine derived from amino acid tryptohan that functions as a neurotransmitter

Answer 31

serotonin

Question 32

a catecholamine that serves as a neurotransmitter and also as a hormone, inhibiting that release of prolactin from anterior lobe of the pituitary glands

Answer 32

dopomine

Question 33

a control system in which a compound directly or indirectly lowers its own rate of synthesis or secretion

Answer 33

negative feedback

Question 34

a region of the hypothalamus involved in the regulation of sexual behaviors typically shown by males

Answer 34

medial preoptic area

Question 35

the breakdown and shedding of the endometrium at approximately monthly intervals, with consequent loss of tissue and blood from the vagina

Answer 35

menstruation

Question 36

a rare but life-threatening illness caused by a staphylococcal infection and associated with tampon use

Answer 36

menstrual toxic shock syndrome

Question 37

a cup placed within the vagina that collects the menstrual flow

Answer 37

menstrual cup

Question 38

release of an ovum from the ovary

Answer 38

ovulation

Question 39

pain associated with ovulation

Answer 39

mittelschemerz

Question 40

the phase of the menstrual cycle during which follicles are developing under the in the influence of gonadotropins

Answer 40

follicular phase

Question 41

an alternative term for follicular phase

Answer 41

preovulatory phase

Question 42

the phase of the menstrual cycle between ovulation and the beginning of menstruation.

Answer 42

luteal phase

Question 43

an alternative term for luteal phase

Answer 43

postovulatory phase

Question 44

an oocyte arrested in its first meiotic division

Answer 44

primary oocyte

Question 45

an undeveloped primary oocyte with its surrounding granulosa cells

Answer 45

primordial follicle

Question 46

a follicle that has enlarged but does not yet have an antrum

Answer 46

preantral follicle

Question 47

the cavity that form in ovarian follicle as it matures

Answer 47

antrum

Question 48

the single enlarged antral follicle that will ovulate in a particular cycle

Answer 48

preovulatory follicle

Question 49

the oocyte in preovulatory follicle after it has completed its first meiotic division

Answer 49

secondary oocyte

Question 50

a small body containing the discarded chromosomes from an oocytes's first meiotic division

Answer 50

first polar body

Question 51

a layer of cells derived from the granulosa cells of an ovarian follicle, that surrounds the ovum after ovulation

Answer 51

cumulus cells

Question 52

a mature female gamete, prior to or immediately after fertilization

Answer 52

ovum

Question 53

the arteries that supply the blood to the endometrium

Answer 53

spiral arteries

Question 54

cells of the corpus lutuem, derived from follicular thecal cells, that synthesize testosterone

Answer 54

theca-lutein cells

Question 55

sharp pelvic pains that may accompany or precede menstration

Answer 55

menstrual cramps

Question 56

menstruation accompanied by pain

Answer 56

dysmenorrhea

Question 57

a collection of physical and/ or psychological symptoms that may begin a few days before the menstrual period and continue into the period

Answer 57

premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Question 58

PMS- associated mood changes that are serve enough to interfere with relationships

Answer 58

premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

Question 59

absence of mentruation

Answer 59

amenorrhea

Question 60

infrequent or irregular menstruation

Answer 60

oligomenorrhea

Question 61

failure to commence menstruation at puberty

Answer 61

primary amenorrhea

Question 62

excessively heavy menstrual bleeding

Answer 62

menorrihagia

Question 63

estrogen-like compounds of plant origin

Answer 63

isoflavones