Sexual and Homicidal Offenders

Question 1

Sexual assault

3 levels based on severity:

Answer 1

simple sexual assault (max 10yrs)

sexual assault with a weapon or causing bodily harm (max 14yrs)

aggravated sexual assault (max life)
-Related to extent of injury

Question 2

Rape Trauma Syndrome

Answer 2

Burgees and Holstrom 1974:
Used to describe after-effects of rape

Effects of rape divided into 2 phases:
Acute crisis phase (days to weeks): Severe fear, anxiety, depression. Questioning & self-blame
heightened levels of distrust and self-doubt

Long-term reactions phase (months to years):
Development of phobias
Sexual problems
Depression 
Dramatic lifestyle change

Question 3

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD; APA, 1994)

Answer 3

Anxiety disorder that can develop in response to exposure to extremely traumatic event(s)

Symptoms include:
Frequent distressing, intrusive event memories
Avoiding stimuli associated with traumatic event
Negative alterations in cognitions and moods
Marked alterations in arousal and reactivity

Question 4

Voyeurs

Answer 4

Someone who obtains sexual gratification by observing unsuspecting people, usually strangers, who are either naked, in process of undressing, or engaging in sexual activity

Question 5

Exhibitionists

Answer 5

Someone who obtains sexual gratification by exposing genitals to strangers

Question 6

Rapist

Answer 6

Someone who sexually assaults victims > 16 years

Question 7

Pedophile

Answer 7

Someone whose primary sexual orientation is toward children

Question 8

Child Molester: Definition and types/examples

Answer 8

Someone who has actually sexually molested a child

Intra-familial child molester (aka incest offender)
Extra-familial child molester

Question 9

Definition of sexual assault

Answer 9

Any nonconsensual sexual act by either a male or female person to either a male or female person, regardless of the relationship between the people involved

Question 10

Rapist Typologies

Answer 10

1. ) Opportunistic
2. ) Pervasively angry
3. ) Sexual
4. ) Sadistic
5. ) Vindictive

Question 11

Opportunistic Rapist

Answer 11

Commits sexual assault that is generally impulsive, void of sexual fantasy, controlled primarily by situational or contextual factors and void of gratuitous violence

Question 12

Pervasively Angry Rapist

Answer 12

High level of anger that is directed towards men and women.

Impulsive, use unnecessary force, cause serious victim injury and be void of sexual fantasy

Question 13

Sexual Rapist

Answer 13

Primarily motivated by sexual preoccupation or sexual fantasies

Question 14

Sadistic Rapist

Answer 14

Must be a sadistic element to offence

Can be further subdivided into overt based on the presence or absence of gratuitous violence

Question 15

Vindictive Rapist

Answer 15

In contrast to the pervasively angry type- anger is focused solely on women. Not impulsive, or preoccupied by sexual fantasies. Goal is to demean and degrade victim.

Question 16

Groth’s proposed division of Rapists

Answer 16

Anger Rapist:
Uses more force than necessary to obtain compliance and engagement in a variety of sexual activities of sexual acts to degrade the victim
High levels of anger towards women- usually precipitated by conflict or received humiliation by a significant women in their life

Power Rapist:
Seeks to establish dominance and control over the victim
Not primarily motivated by sexual gratification

Sadistic Rapist:
Obtains sexual gratification by hurting the victim

Question 17

Typologies of Child Molesters

Answer 17

Fixated Child Molesters:
Primary sexual orientation towards children starts in adolescence and is persistent
Male children prime targets
Emotionally immature- lack of social skills
Planned offences
No remorse

Regressed Child Molesters:
Primary sexual orientation is for adults
Sexual interest begins in adulthood and is episodic
Female children and targets
Impulsive offences
Often married or having marital problems
More often they feel remorseful

Question 18

Atkinson’s proposed types of female offenders

Answer 18

Teacher/lover:
Target male adolescent that they relate to as peer, but they are in authority/power
Most cases the women claims to be “in love” and the victim reports they do not feel victimized

Male-coerced:
Forced by abusive male
Victim often her daughter
Passive partners in abuse

Male-accompanied:
Engage in abuse with male partner, willingly
Victims in and out of family

Predisposed:
Initiates abuse alone
Severe / persistent childhood abuse
Often more violent and bizarre 
Report having deviant sexual fantasies

Question 19

Adolescent Sexual Offenders

Answer 19

Adolescents commit:
20% of rapes
between 30-50% of child sexual abuse

Adolescent sex offenders have often experienced early sexual victimization
40 – 80%

Tend to sexually abuse young female victims, particularly

Question 20

Theories of Sexual Aggression

Answer 20

Marshall and Barbaree (1990) developed an integrated model that encompasses:

biological factors

childhood experiences
E.g., childhood abuse, dysfunctional families

sociocultural influences
E.g., structure of society that reinforces aggression against women

situational events
E.g., earlier experiences with women

Rape also interpreted through evolutionary theory as a mating strategy

Based on natural selection to allow an otherwise inadequate male to transmit his genes to future generations
Men who can inseminate a large number of women through force have greater reproductive success than males who do not employ force

Does not explain homosexual and female-male rape

Question 21

Types of Treatment for Sexual Offenders

Answer 21

Pharmacological:
Reduce sex drive
Antiandrogens that decrease or block testosterone
Antidepressants (reduce compulsivity)

Behavioural:
Attempt to reduce deviant sexual interest and/or increase non-deviant sexual interest
Aversion, masturbatory satiation, directed masturbation

Question 22

Sexual Offenders: Treatment of cognitive-behavioural addresses-

Answer 22

Denial
Minimizations
Cognitive distortions
Victim empathy
Modifying deviant sexual interest
Enhancing social skills
Dealing with substance problems
Developing relapse-prevention plans

Question 23

First steps of Relapse-prevention

Answer 23

First 2 Steps:

1. ) Identify emotional and situational factors that lead to either fantasizing about sexual abuse or committing abuse
2. ) Develop plans to deal more appropriately with their problems and ways to avoid high risk situations

Sequence of events chart pg 395

Question 24

NSOR

Answer 24

Requires sex offenders to register nationally within 15 days of release
Return annually to police to update
Min 10 yrs on list, max life

Not available to Canadian public
High rate of compliance results

Question 25

Types of Homicide/sentencing

Answer 25

Canadian criminal law recognizes 4 types: First-degree murder: Mandatory life in prison without the possibility of parole for 25 years Faint Hope Clause: Single murder non-parole period reduced to 15 years Second-degree murder: Min 4 years | Max life Manslaughter Infanticide- (max 5 years)

Question 26

First-degree murder

Answer 26

``` Planned and deliberate. Murder of law enforcement or correctional staff member While committing/attempting to commit: hijacking an aircraft sexual assault sexual assault with a weapon aggravated sexual assault kidnapping forcible confinement or hostage taking ```

Question 27

Second-degree murder

Answer 27

All murder which is not first degree

Question 28

Manslaughter

Answer 28

Unintentional murder that occurs during the "heat of passion" or criminal negligence Less serious offence than murder Difference between levels of fault based on the mens rea: No forethought / planning or without intent to kill Voluntary Sudden impulse Involuntary During commission of an unlawful act not ordinarily expected to result in great bodily harm

Question 29

Types of manslaughter

Answer 29

Negligent Vehicular Corporate (UK) or Industrial (Australia)

Question 30

Infanticide

Answer 30

Killing of a newly-born child (by its mother) Type of homicide but excluded from murder Added to Canadian Criminal Code in 1948 Understood as result of pregnancy or lactation (max 5 years)

Question 31

Bimodal Classification of Homicide

Answer 31

Reactive aggression: Affective Impulsive, unplanned, immediate, driven by negative emotions Reactive (real or perceived)- in response to provocation ``` Instrumental aggression: calculated behaviour Predatory Proactive Premeditated, motivated by some goal( money, power, control, sadistic fantasies, gratification) ```

Question 32

Filicide

Answer 32

``` Killing of children by their biological or step-parents Often suffer from diagnosable disorder Includes- Neonaticide: Killing a baby within 24 hours of birth ``` Infanticide: Killing a baby within the first year of life

Question 33

3 types of maternal filicide (Stanton & Simpson, 2002):

Answer 33

Neonaticides: No hx of mental illness Concealed pregnancy ‘Postpartum abortion’ Committed by Battering mothers: Impulsive response to child Social & family stress Committed by Mental illness Older Older children Psychosis or depression

Question 34

Familicide

Answer 34

Killing of a spouse and children Almost always committed by a man Associated with a history of: Partner violence Child abuse In 50% of cases, killer commits suicide (Wilson et al., 1995) Non hostile and hostile types

Question 35

Parricide

Answer 35

Killing of parents Most often committed by youth who have been: physically abused witnessed spousal abuse Often have accomplices

Question 36

Spousal Homicide

Answer 36

Most common motive Anger over estrangement from their partner Sexual jealously about alleged infidelity High rate of suicide following the killing of a wife by her husband (Crawford & Gartner, 1992) Risk as woman’s age with age difference between partners (Shackelford & Mouzos, 2005) following separation Uxoricide-wife is killed- linked to the most common motive Matricide-husband is killed

Question 37

Multiple murder typologies and general classification info

Answer 37

Mass murderer: 4 or more victims in one location in one event with no cooling-off period Serial murderer: 3 or more separate murders with cooling-off periods in between Spree murderer: 2 or more victims in 2 or more locations, with no cooling-off period

Question 38

Mass murderer criteria

Answer 38

``` Typically: Reclusive Few Friends Rarely have a criminal record 35-45 years old Build up anger and let frustration fester Warning signs evident Suicide following, or suicide by cop ``` Tend to occur in suburban or rural areas

Question 39

School shootings: The shooter criteria

Answer 39

Shooter: Sees themselves as extremely marginal in the social circles important to them Suffers some form of mental illness that magnifies the impact of this marginality Has access to cultural scripts, such as media violence linking manhood with public respect and violence Doesn’t tend to exhibit earlier behavior problems, likely to evade radar of school and community surveillance systems Has access to firearms

Question 40

Serial Murderer Criteria

Answer 40

Typically: White male Operate alone History of cruelty to animals Obsessive interest in porn Often has brain injury that impairs rational thinking Average intelligence Low SES, unsuccessful in work and education, well-meaning but maladjusted mom Also frequently abused as a child (self-report)

Question 41

Victimology of murdered

Answer 41

``` Tend to prefer: Prostitutes Runaways Young male drifters Itinerant farm workers Secondary preferences: Young women in and around a university or college Elderly and solitary ``` Common themes: vulnerability and easy availability

Question 42

Serial Killer Profile- Forensic History

Answer 42

Triad- Bed wetting, animal torture, fire starting Most have a criminal history: 87% were previously arrested 75% spent time in jail or prison Many received prior psychiatric treatment Many spent time in a forensic unit 6.3% killed prior to their serial killing

Question 43

Typologies of Serial Murderers: name the types

Answer 43

Visionaries Mission-orientated Hedonistic Power/control orientated

Question 44

Visionary Serial murderer

Answer 44

Kills in response to voices or visions telling them to kill

Question 45

Mission orientated serial murderer

Answer 45

targets individuals from a group that he or she considers undesirable

Question 46

Hedonisitic serial murderer

Answer 46

``` Motivated by self gratification. Divided into 3 subtypes: lust, thrill comfort Lust Killers - sexual gratification Thrill Killers – feed off terror Comfort Killers – anticipated gains ```

Question 47

Power/Control serial murderer

Answer 47

Not motivated by sexual gratification but by having absolute dominance over the victim