Sexual Offenders Flashcards
(84 cards)
1
Q
Paul Bernardo: First series of rapes occur in…
A
Scarborough
2
Q
First assault of Tammy Homolka
A
Valium from Karla Homolka
Wakes up during assault
3
Q
Nov 1990 - Paul Bernardo
A
Bernardo provides DNA to police, sits on shelf for a long time
Matches composite photograph, interviewed by police
4
Q
Tammy dies during second assault, ruled…
A
An accident
Overdose
5
Q
Leslie Mahaffy
A
Assaulted, tortured and murdered by PB and KH
Body found encased in concrete
6
Q
Kristen french
A
Assault, torture for days before killing
Bernardo interviewed
7
Q
When did the police start to become involved?
A
Bernardo severely beats Holmolka
Domestic abuse charges filed
Makes police rush to test DNA
Almost 3 years after collection
8
Q
Paul Bernardo’s DNA was compared to (and matched)…
A
The scarborough rapist
9
Q
Paul Bernardo’s first interrogation
A
Inadmissible
Request for lawyer denied
10
Q
Bernardo’s Lawyer finds…
A
Videotapes depicting all murders, several assaults
DID NOT DISCLOSE
11
Q
Holmolka offered __________
A
Plea deal
12-year sentence for manslaughter
“Deal with the devil” : If they knew the extent of her involvement, probably would not have offered
12
Q
What does Bernardo’s Lawyer do after he quits?
A
Gives videos to investigators
13
Q
What was Bernardo’s Charges?
A
Guilty on 9 charges, 2 counts of 1st degree murder
Life sentence, serious violent offender
14
Q
Inquiry into Holmolka’s Plea deal
A
Would not have occurred if tapes were known about
Could they rescind it?
Long legal battle, supreme court says no
15
Q
SA victims and Reporting
A
Large proportion unreported– About 94%
16
Q
SA victims and self-report
A
30 SA per 1000 Canadians
About a third of women
17
Q
Majority of victims of SA…..
A
Know their offender
18
Q
Victimization: Women vs. Men
A
Victimization 5x more likely as a women
92% of police-reported assaults
19
Q
Victimization - Indigenous Women
A
3x higher than non-indigenous women
20
Q
Transgender individuals - Victimization
A
Report higher rates of SA than cisgender Canadians
21
Q
Canadian Definition of Sexual Assualt
A
Any nonconsensual sexual act, regardless of relationship between the people involved
recently removed the word rape from law
22
Q
Level 1 Sexual Assualt
A
SA involving minor injuries to victim
10 year max
23
Q
Level 2 Sexual Assault
A
SA with a weapon or causing bodily harm
4 year max
24
Q
Level 3 Sexual Assault
A
Sexual assault that results in wounnding/disfiguring/endangering of life
Life sentence maximum
25
Physical Effects of SA
General body trauma
Genital trauma
STI's
Pregnancy
Chronic physical symptoms (Back/muscle pain, headaches)
26
PTSD
- Overwhelming amount of cases
- Lifetime prevalence for 50% of female victims
- Most common cause of PTSD in women is SA
27
!2 month analysis of PTSD in victims of SA
1 month --> 75% meet criteria
12 months --> 42% (less than half, still many)
28
SA victims have a higher incidence of _____________
Substance abuse
Potential coping mechanism
29
Adolescent victims
- More likely to meet DSM criteria in adulthood
- Links to future offending behaviour
- Sexual offenders often have a history of being victims
30
SA - Effects on victims
- Physical effects
- Depression
- STD's
- Pregnancy
- Chronic Physical Symptoms
- Substance use
31
Rape Trauma Syndrome
(What does it include?)
2 phases
1. Acute (immediate emotional and physical reactions)
2. Reorganization/reactions (how trauma integrated into their life)
32
Issues with Rape Trauma Syndrome
- Coping mechanisms conceptualized as 'disordered symptoms'
- Survivors described as passive/negative terms ("fear")
- Vague terms, not testable, culturally insensitive
33
Dworkin - 4 reasons explaining the effects of SA
1. Co-occurrunce with other trauma (eg. Interpersonal Violence)
2. Victims may receive less support
3. May have pre-existing psychopathologies
4. Personal nature
34
No Contact Sexual Offenders
Voyeurs--> sexually gratified by watching unsuspecting people
Exhibitionists --> sexually gratified by exposing genitals to strangers
35
Rapist
Sexually assault victims 16+
36
Pedophile
Adult whose sexual preference is children
37
Child molester
Sexually Assaults children
38
Intra and extra familial molester
intra --> in family
Extra --> Outside family
39
Revised Rapist Typology
- Developed my Massachusetts treatment center
- 5 categories
- Difference behaviours/motivation observed across rapists
40
Revised Rapist Typology -- Classifications
Oppurtunistic type
Persuasive Angry type
Vindictive type
Sexual type
Sadistic type
41
Opportunistic Type
- Impulsive, controlled primarily by situational factors
- Typically devoid of gratuitous violence, and sexual fantasies
- No necessarily planning, see opportunity and take it
42
Persuasive angry type
- high level of anger directed at everyone
- Impulsive, use unnecessary force, cause serious injury
43
vindictive type
○ Anger focused solely on women
○ Not impulsive/preoccupied with sexual fantasy
○ Purpose is to demean/degrade the victim
○ Aggression ranges from verbal abuse to homicide
44
Sexual Type
- Primarily motivated by sexual fantasies
- Small category, percentage
45
Sadistic Type
- Motivated by sexual fantasies that involve torture and pain
- Often ritualized
46
Groth's Rapist typologies
Anger rapist
Power rapist
Sadistic rapist
47
Anger rapist
50%
- Not primarily motivated by sexual aggression
- More force than necessary, high levels of anger directed at women
48
Power rapist
45%
Seeks to establish control and dominance
Frequent rape fantasies
49
Sadistic rapist
5%
- Sexual gratification form hurting the victim
- Frequent violent rape fantasies
50
Child Molester typology (Groth)
1. Fixated child molester
2. Regressed child molester
51
Fixated Child molester
- Sexual preference for children --> begins in adolescence, persists through adulthood
- Little to no sexual interests in adult
- Planned offences (premeditated)
- Rarely demonstrate remorse
Poor social skilled, emotionally immature
52
Regressed Child Molester
- Sexual interest for children --> begins in adulthood, episodic
- Primary sexual preference for adults
- Stressful event/feelings of inadequacy 'trigger' interest in children
- Impulsive offences, more likely to report remorse
- Many offences relate to alcohol use
- Stress-based
53
Online Sexual Offenders (types)
Trader: Possess/distribute/produce child pornography
Traveler: Engages online, aims to meet in person
Trader/traveller
54
Compared to Contact offenders, child pornography offenders are...
- Younger
- Higher educated
- Less likely to have been a victim of sexual abuse
- more empathetic towards victim
55
Female sex offenders
- Limited research
- 2-5% incarcerated S/O are female
- Hard to find big enough sample size
- Likely higher overall
56
of male victims surveyed about sexual assault, 60% of them report....
Female offenders
57
Female Sex offenders are more likely to victimize...
Males
58
Why might the prevalence of female sex offenders be underreported?
1. Abuse masked as caregiver activities
- More difficult to recognize (eg. Changing diapers, playing)
2. More likely to target own children --> less likely to report
3. Boys are less likely to report
59
4 types of female sex offenders
1. Teacher
2. Male-coerced
3. male-accompanied
4. Predisposed
**Limited due to small sample size
60
Teacher/Lover female S/O
- Victim --> Male adolescent
- Offender --> Position of power over victim
- Don't perceive behaviour as abuse
- Believe they are nurturing
- Victims often do not report feeling victimized
61
Male-Coerced Female S/O
- Forced into the abuse by male partner
- Victim --> often female offender's own daughter, or female that the female offender has access to
- Passive, low self-esteem
62
Male-accompanied Female S/O
- Engage in abuse with male partner
- Willing participants
- Victims --> Inside and outside the family
- E.g. --> Karla Homolka
63
Predisposed Female S/O
- Initiates abuse alone
- Often experienced severe childhood sexual abuse
- Victims of IPV
- More violent/bizarre offences
- Victims --> Often own children
64
What are the Theories of Sexual Agression?
Precondition Model
Integrated Model
65
Precondition Model
**Specifically for Child Molestation
1. Motivated to abuse
- Emotional (power/Control)
- Sexual
- Blockage (Non-deviant outlets not available)
2. Lack of offender's internal inhibitions
3. Offender overcomes external inhibitions (Ie. along w/ child)
4. Offender overcomes Child's resistance
66
Integrated model
- Biological factors
- Childhood experiences
- Sociocultural influences
- situational events
**Fail to acquire inhibitory control due to combination of these factors
67
S/O and Childhood Experiences - Study
Canadian Psych. Pts.
- Child S/O, violent offenders, nonviolent offenders
- 60% of Child S/O were sexually abused as children
- Significantly higher than the other two groups
68
Video Games and Sexual Assault - Study
- Undergrad students watch video, either:
1. GTA --> watch character go to strip club, assault sex worker, evade police
OR
2. Baseball video game --> Two teams play for 15 minutes
given rape myth acceptance scale
69
Video games and Sexual Assault Study - Results
Does increase acceptance scores
ONLY for male participants
70
Psychological Treatments for offenders try to address:
- Denial and cognitive distortions
- Victim empathy
- Modify sexual intereest
- Enhances social skills
- Substance-abuse issues
- Relapse-prevention plans
71
Denial and Cognitive Distortions
70% S/O deny or minimize ever have committed a crime
- Shift blame to victim or situational factors
- Deviant beliefs/values used to justify sexual offences
72
Example of Cognitive distortion
"It would be better for my sister to have her first experience with me rather than some guy"
73
What is empathy?
Most Sexual Offenders...
Understanding anothers frame of reference
Don't empathize with their victim
74
Empathy training
- Teach offender to understand impact of their crime on the victim
- Develop sense of remorse
- Read/watch survivor accounts of SA
- Compare to how victim felt --> Role-play as victim
75
Deviant Sexual Interest - Treatments
- Motivating factor in some sexual offences
- Aversion therapy and pharmacological interventions
76
Aversion Therapy
Pair aversive stimuli with problem behaviour
- Classical conditioning
-Aversive substance to smell whenever deviant fantasy experienced
77
Effectiveness of Treatment for S/O
Incarceration is not a deterrent
High risk offenders
Community alternatives for majority
78
Difficulties Assessing Effectiveness of Treatment
- Main issue --> Ethics
- Random, experimental design is ideal
Group 1: sexual offenders who want treatment and receive treatment
Group 2: Sex offenders who want treatment but do not receive treatment
Compare recidivism
- Not very ethical
79
True or false: Sexual Offenders are higly likely to re-offend
- Low base of recividism
- Even for untreated, make comparisons difficult
Ie. Study on male S/O, 13.5% recividated
80
Juvenile male sex offenders recidivism as adults
- Juveniles at initial sexual offence
- 3-6 years into adulthood
- 13% rearrested for sexual offence as adults
--> Females even less so (3%)
81
Recidivism - Treated vs Untreated
- 12.3% Treated
- 16.8% untreated
(Improvement, but both low anyway)
82
Summary - Sexual Offenders
- very prevalent offence
- Severe impact on victims
- Several typologies
- Low recidivism rates
(Even untreated)
83
Why do Sexual offenders have low recividism rates?
- restrictive parole conditions
- Community reintegration supports (Circles of support and accountability )
- Many sexual crimes are opportunistic
- Aging-out effeect even stronger
84
True or False: Certain Sexual Offenders are at high risk of recividism
some ARE
e.g. Paul Bernardo
