Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants (Chapter 40)

Question 0

sexual reproduction

Answer 0

Sexual reproduction involves the Union of two sex cells or gametes

Question 1

Asexual reproduction

Answer 1

Asexual reproduction involves only one parent

Question 2

Gametes

Answer 2

Gametes are haploid cells capable of fusion

Question 3

Stamens

Answer 3

Stamens are the male parts of the flower

Question 4

Carpels

Answer 4

Carpels are the female parts of the flower

Question 5

Pollination

Answer 5

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma of a flower from the same species

Question 6

Self-pollination

Answer 6

Self pollination involves the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma on the same plant

Question 7

Cross-pollination

Answer 7

Cross- pollination involves the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma on a different plant of the same species.

Question 8

Fertilisation

Answer 8

Fertilisation is the union of the male and female gametes to form a diploid zygote.

Question 9

Non-endospermic seed

Answer 9

A non-endospermic seed has no endosperm when fully formed

Question 10

Endospermic seed

Answer 10

An endospermic seed contains some endosperm when fully formed

Question 11

Dispersal

Answer 11

Dispersal is the transfer of a seed or fruit away from the parent plant

Question 12

Dormancy

Answer 12

Dormancy is a resting period when seeds undergo no growth and have reduced cell activity or metabolism

Question 13

Germination

Answer 13

Germination is the re growth of the embryo, after a period of dormancy, if the environmental conditions are suitable

Question 14

Function of Sepal

Answer 14

To protect the flower (and prevent it from drying out)

Question 15

Function of Petals

Answer 15

To attract insects to the flower for pollination

Question 16

Function of Stamen

Answer 16

To produce the pollen grains in the anthers. Each pollen grain produces two male gametes, one of which can fertilise an egg cell)

Question 17

Function of Anther

Answer 17

Produces Pollen

Question 18

Function of Filament

Answer 18

Holds the anther in place.

Question 19

Function of Carpel

Answer 19

To produce the ovules (each ovule contains an egg cell inside an embryo sac)

Question 20

Function of Stigma

Answer 20

where pollen lands after pollination

Question 21

Function of Style

Answer 21

Pollen travels down this

Question 22

Function of Ovary

Answer 22

Contains ovules

Question 23

Methods of Pollination

Answer 23

• Animal Pollination

- Wind Pollination

Question 24

Adaptations for animal (insect) pollination

Answer 24

1. Petals brightly coloured, scented with nectaries 2. Small amounts of sticky pollen 3. Anthers inside petals 4. Stigmas sticky, inside petals.

Question 25

Adaptations for Wind pollination

Answer 25

1. Petals small, not coloured brightly 2. Anthers outside petals. 3. Stigmas large, feathery and outside petals 4. Pollen large numbers, light, dry and small

Question 26

What produces the male gametes in Plant fertilisation?

Answer 26

The pollen grain

Question 27

What produces the egg cell and polar nuclei in Plant fertilisation?

Answer 27

The Embryo sac

Question 28

How is an embryo formed?

Answer 28

The zygote grows repeatedly by mitosis to form an embryo.

Question 29

When is the endosperm used up in non-endospermic seeds?

Answer 29

In the early stages of seed development so the food is stored in the cotyledons

Question 30

What is a food store for the developing seed?

Answer 30

The endosperm

Question 31

What does an embryo consist of?

Answer 31

``` A plumule (future shoot) A radical (future root) Cotyledons (food stores needed for germination) ```

Question 32

What two features dictate a seeds classification?

Answer 32

- number of cotyledons | - presence of endosperm

Question 33

Maize classification.

Answer 33

- monocotyledon | - endosperm present (endospermic)

Question 34

Broad bean classification

Answer 34

- dicotyledon | - endosperm absent (non-endospermic)

Question 35

What becomes the seed?

Answer 35

Ovule

Question 36

What becomes the fruit?

Answer 36

Ovary

Question 37

What stimulates the process of fruit formation?

Answer 37

Stimulated by growth regulators produced by the seeds

Question 38

Two ways in which seedless fruit can be formed

Answer 38

1. Genetically (naturally or by special breeding programmes) 2. Growth Regulators eg. Auxins (if large amounts of growth regulators are sprayed on flowers, fruits may form without fertilisation.

Question 39

4 reasons dispersal of fruit and seed is needed.

Answer 39

1. Minimises competition for light, water etc. 2. Avoids overcrowding. 3. Colonises new areas 4. Increases chances of survival.

Question 40

4 types of dispersal of fruit and seed

Answer 40

1. Wind 2. Water 3. Animal 4. Self.

Question 41

Advantages of Dormancy

Answer 41

1. Plants avoid harsh winter conditions 2. Gives the embryo time to develop 3. Provides time for dispersal

Question 42

Application of dormancy in agriculture and horticulture.

Answer 42

- Some seeds need a period of cold before they germinate. - It may be necessary to break dormancy in some seeds before they are planted for agriculture or horticultural purposes. - This can be done by placing them in the fridge before they are planted

Question 43

Factors necessary for germination

Answer 43

1. water 2. oxygen 3. suitable temperature 4. dormancy must be complete.

Question 44

Use of Water in Germination

Answer 44

1. activates the enzymes 2. medium for germination reactions eg. digestion 3. transport medium for digested products

Question 45

Use of Oxygen in Germination

Answer 45

Needed for aerobic respiration

Question 46

Use of suitable temperature in Germination

Answer 46

allows maximum enzyme activity.

Question 47

Events in Germination

Answer 47

1. Digestion (of stored food in endosperm and cotyledon) | 2. Respiration (to produce ATP to drive cell division.

Question 48

When do events in germination cease?

Answer 48

Events in Germination cease when the plant's leaves have developed and the plant has started to photosynthesise

Question 49

Hypogeal meaning

Answer 49

The cotyledon stays below the ground as the plant grows

Question 50

Epigeal meaning

Answer 50

The cotyledon is pushed above ground as the plant grows.

Question 51

Vegetative Propagation

Answer 51

A form of asexual reproduction that does not involve gametes, flowers, seeds or fruits. Can happen naturally or can be done artificially.

Question 52

What happens in natural vegetative propagation

Answer 52

Part of the plant becomes separated from the parent plant and divides by mitosis to grow into a new plant. As a result, the offspring are genetically identical to the parent.

Question 53

Name the four parts of the plant that may be modified for the purpose of vegetative propagation

Answer 53

1. stem 2. root 3. leaf 4. bud.

Question 54

Two types of modified stems and description and examples

Answer 54

1. Runners. (terminal bud of the runner sends up new shoot. eg. strawberry) 2. Stem Tubers (swollen underground stem tips, buds (eyes) produce new shoots eg potato)

Question 55

Type of modified root and description and example.

Answer 55

Root Tuber (swollen fibrous roots. the tuber stores food, but the new plant develops from a side bud at the base of the old stem eg. Dahlia.)

Question 56

Difference between Root Tuber and Tap Roots.

Answer 56

Tap roots eg. Carrot, are swollen roots for food storage in biennial plants and they are not reproductive organs, however root tubers are reproductive organs.

Question 57

Type of modified leaves and description and example.

Answer 57

Plantlets (some plants produce plantlets along the edges of the leaves. Plantlets reach a certain size, fall off and grow into new plants eg Lily)

Question 58

Type of modified buds and description and example.

Answer 58

Bulbs (a bulb contains an underground stem, reduced in size. leaves are swollen with stored food. eg. onion.. The main bud (apical bud) will grow into a new shoot, the side buds (lateral buds) will also grow into new shoots)

Question 59

Four types of artificial vegetative propagation

Answer 59

1. Cuttings 2. Grafting 3. Layering 4. Micropropagation

Question 60

Cutting (description and example)

Answer 60

Part of the plant (usually shoots) removed from plant are allowed to form new roots and leaves. Rooted in water, well watered compost, or rooting powder eg. geranium

Question 61

Grafting (description and example)

Answer 61

Part of one plant (scion) is removed and attatched to a healthy rooted part of a second plant (stock) Useful qualities from both plants combined into one eg. Rose flower and thorn-less stem eg. apple trees

Question 62

Layering (Description and example)

Answer 62

A branch of a plant is bent over and pinned to the earth at a node. When roots develop, the branch is separated from the parent plant. Useful for the propagation of woody plants eg. Blackberry.

Question 63

Micropropagation (tissue culture) description and example

Answer 63

Cells removed from plant and grown as a tissue culture in a special medium. Growth regulators and nutrients added so that growing cells form a group of similar cells called a callus. Different growth regulators are then added so that this tissue develops into a plantlet. Plantlet can be divided up again to produce many identical plants. Entire plant can be grown from a small piece of stem, leaf or root tissue. Used in mass production of house plants and crops such as bananas and strawberries. Provides a larger number of plants more quickly than cuttings.Can be used to check cells for a particular feature eg. resistance to chemicals or a particular disease.

Question 64

Runners

Answer 64

Runners (eg strawberries) are horizontal stems that run above ground and from which new plants grow

Question 65

Root tuber

Answer 65

A root tuber is a swollen, underground root that remains dormant during winter and from which new plants may grow

Question 66

Bulb

Answer 66

A bulb is a modified bud