Sexuality in Perspective

Question 1

, sexual behaviour

Answer 1

s behaviour that produces or that is intended to produce arousal.

Question 2

Historical Perspective

Answer 2

• Close link between religious & historical perspectives
• Now religion, science, courts, & media

Question 3

Historical Methods to study sexuallity

Answer 3

• Examining documents, art, artefacts (ancient or modern)
• information at that time was based on Biases
• and we ourselves bring our own biases
  -Class bias
  -Sexist bias
  -Education bias
• ** Ethnocentrism:** the belife that their groups belifes are the norm and compering everthing else to that

Question 4

A Brief History

Question 5

Prehistoric

Answer 5

worship of women’s ability to bear children

Question 6

Ancient Hebrews

Answer 6

procreation and pleasure, polygamy

Question 7

Ancient Greece

Answer 7

homosexuality, bisexuality, pederasty(older man would take an adolecent boy in a relationship),
prostitution (courtesans and concubines)

Question 8

Ancient Rome

Answer 8

sexual behaviour between man okay,between woman not okay,orgies (Caligula)

Question 9

The East

Question 10

Muslims

Answer 10

sex within marriage, no premarital sex,
polygamy

Question 11

Taoists

Answer 11

sexuality and spirituality (yin)

Question 12

Hindus

Answer 12

sex as virtuous and natural, celebrated within
marriage

Question 13

Early Christians (400 AD)

Answer 13

sex for procreation only; non-
procreative sex as sin; virginity (St. Augustine’s
Confessions)

Question 14

Middle Ages (500-1500 AD)

Answer 14

wet dreams, sexual
dysfunction, lust blamed on witchcraft

Question 15

Protestant Reformation (1517-1648)

Answer 15

some sex not only for
procreation, but to enhance the marital relationship
(extramarital/premarital sex still punished)

Question 16

Victorian Era (1837-1901)

Answer 16

extreme sexual repression,
marital duty for procreation and men’s pleasure
* Dr. Clelia Mosher:-study women sexuality,and discovered that women enjoyed sex and orgasms

Question 17

The Sexual Revolution (1965-1970s)

Answer 17

social upheaval
in science, music, art, fashion

the pill was intrudeced

gay activism

Question 18

Today:Sexuality and Media

Answer 18

Netflix/TV programs:
* average of 17 instances of sexual talk/behaviour per hour

Media has 3 types of influence:

• cultivation: belife that what people see in the media represents real life
• agenda-setting: algorithem choose what to report and what to ignore send a massage what is important and what is not important
• social learning what see in the media serves as model for us to emitate

Question 19

Conclusions

Answer 19

• All societies regulate sex
• Different societies have accepted different behaviour,
  attitudes
• Great differences across religions and within religions

Question 20

History of Sex Research

Answer 20

• Began in 19th Century
• Names to know: Freud, Havelock Ellis, Krafft- Ebing, Hirshfeld, Kinsey, Masters & Johnson
• Currently many sex researchers, professional societies, sexuality journals

Question 21

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

victorian era

Answer 21

• psychodynamic theory:

how early experiences and uncouseous motivation interacts to determines someones personality and behaviour

he also created the concept of libido - as psychlogical motivation

also psychosexual development

Question 22

Havelock Ellis (1859-1939)

victorian era

Answer 22

• British physician
• Studies in the Psychology of Sex
• first to write about homosexuality in a compassionate way
• also wrote about trangenderism, which he called sexo-aesthetic inversion and later, eonism
• attributed it to over-identification with the admired object (i.e., women)

Question 23

Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing (1840-1902)

Answer 23

• German psychiatrist and sexologist
• pathlogical sexuality
• Psychopathia Sexualis (1886)
• non-procreative sex was a perversion

Question 24

4 categories of “sexual perversions”:

Answer 24

paradoxia: sexual response at the wrong time in life

**anesthesia: **insufficient sexual desire

**hyperesthesia: **excessive sexual desire

**paraesthesia: **sexual desire for the wrong goal or object

Question 25

**Magnus Hirschfeld (1868-1935)**

Answer 25

* ** Founder of the first sex research institute** * * **Administered the first large-scale sex survey** * Established the first journal devoted to the scientific study of sexuality

Question 26

**Alfred Kinsey (1894-1956)**

Answer 26

* **first major published large sex survey** the survey had within them : -prevalence of homosexuality -extramarital sex -multiple orgasm

Question 27

**William Masters (1915-2001) and Virginia Johnson (1925-2013)**

Answer 27

* **first to look at physiological sexual response in men and women** * study :intercourse, masturbation in the lab * by hooking people in machines and observing them having sexs * 4-phase model of sexual response

Question 28

**4-phase model of sexual response**

Answer 28

4-phase model of sexual response * Excitement phase * Plateau phase * Orgasm * Resolution phase some contraversis

Question 29

Cross-Cultural Perspectives

Question 30

Anthropological/Cross Cultural Perspective

Answer 30

 Culture: the traditional ideas and values passed down from generation to generation within a group and transmitted to members of the group by symbols  Method: **participant observation**  Biases in method: -**Hawthorne effect** (observer effect): individuals modify their behaviour when aware of being observed -**Ethnocentrism**

Question 31

Variations Across Cultures

Answer 31

* Sexual frequency * Sexual techniques(ex:kissing involved) * Masturbation * Premarital sex * Extramarital sex * Sex with same-sex partners * Standards of attractiveness

Question 32

**Conclusions from Cross-Cultural Studies**

Answer 32

* Enormous variation in sexual attitudes and behaviour across cultures * Helps put our own standards and behaviour inperspective * Importance of culture and learning - influences over sexuality

Question 33

Canada vs. USA

Answer 33

simmilarities: thresomes, nightstands, womens sexual partners diferences : canadians have more sex outdors, teen americans more likely to get pregnant,women are allowed to walk around topless in canada

Question 34

Variations Within a Culture

Answer 34

**Different norms for different subgroups** -e.g. norms affected by age, SES, ethnicity, gender **Within subcultures (e.g., immigrant communities) attitudes & behaviour affected by** -Culture of origin -Acculturation to Canadian culture

Question 35

Variations Within a Culture

Answer 35

* **Largest and fastest growing immigrant groups in Canada:** -South Asian -East Asian * **In general, these cultures tend to uphold more traditional values surrounding:** * Gender roles * Sexual orientation

Question 36

canadians statistics

Answer 36

Within Canada * frequency of sex average number of lifetime partners: **12** > 20: **23%** of men; **13%** of women **17%**lifetime sexual monogamy

Question 37

Within Canada Difference across pronvinces*

Answer 37

* **Quebec** is the most sexually liberal * * more likely to have sexual intercourse at a younger age, to live as common-laws, and have extramarital sex Variations Within a Culture

Question 38

Biological Perspective/Cross Species Behaviour

Answer 38

**No behaviour unique to humans**  e.g. masturbation(monkeys,porkpaine), oral sex(monkeys), same-sex sexual behaviour, female orgasm(monkeys)  **Less hormonal and biological control as go up evolutionary scale**