SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE (STD)

Question 1

Results from the infection of retroviruses that destroy the CD4+ lymphocytes and impair cell-mediated immunity (Cachay, 2022)

Answer 1

HIV INFECTION

Question 2

Late stage of an HIV infection

Answer 2

AIDS (Aquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)

Question 3

HIV targets

Answer 3

CD4 T- lymphocytes

Question 4

Normal CD4 count

Answer 4

500-1,500 cells/mm3

Question 5

HIV binds with host cell

Answer 5

Binding

Question 6

HIV fuses with host cells

Answer 6

Fusion

Question 7

Inside host cell, HIV RNA is converted to DNA using reverse transcriptase

Answer 7

Reverse transcription

Question 8

Integrase enzyme allows HIV DNA to be integrated into host DNA

Answer 8

Integration

Question 9

HIV can produce long chains of HIV proteins which is used to build more HIV

Answer 9

Replication

Question 10

HIV proteins and RNA move to host cell surface and are assemble into immature HIV

Answer 10

Assembly

Question 11

Immature HIV is pushed out to the cell and proteases activate immature to mature infections HIV

Answer 11

Budding

Question 12

Stages of HIV Infection

Answer 12

-Very early infection
-Acute HIV infection (Stage 1)
-Chronic HIV infection (Stage 2)
-AIDS (Stage 3)

Question 13

A positive HIV test occuring within six months of a negative or indeterminate HIV test

Answer 13

Very early infection

Question 14

Generally develops within 2 to 4 weeks after infection

Answer 14

Acute HIV

Question 15

Flu like symptoms are common as a result of

Answer 15

Seroconversion

Question 16

CD4 ≥ 500 cell/mm3

Answer 16

Acute HIV Infection (Stage 1)

Question 17

Asymptomatic period/clinical latency

Answer 17

Chronic HIV Infection (Stage 2)

Question 18

Virus continues to multiply at a very slow rate

Answer 18

Chronic HIV infection (Stage 2)

Question 19

CD4 ≥ 200 cells/mm3 but <500 cells/mm

Answer 19

Chronic HIV Infection (Stage 2)

Question 20

Immune system is severely damaged

Answer 20

AIDS (Stage 3)

Question 21

Diagnosed if CD4 count is <200 cells/mm3 or if with opportunistic infection

Answer 21

AIDS (Stage 3)

Question 22

Risk Factors of HIV

Answer 22

-Having multiple sexual partners
- MSM (Men having sex with men)
- IV drug use/sharing equipment for IV Drugs

Question 23

HIV/AIDS Mode of transmission

Answer 23

-Anal sex is the riskiest (unprotected)
-Receptive partner has higher risk than insertive partner
-Vaginal sex, unprotected
-Perinatal transmission
-Sharing of infected needles/syringes

Question 24

Mode of transmission (rare)

Answer 24

-Oral sex
-Needle stick injuries
- Blood transfusion, organ transplants (1978-1985)
- Food contamination (infants only)
- Biting and spiting (in presence of broken skin)
- Deep, open-mouth kissing
- Tattoos and body peircings

Question 25

Taken daily to avoid risk of sexual HIV acquisition in adults and adolescents age 12 and older

Answer 25

PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis)

Question 26

HIV is checked every

Answer 26

Every 3 months

Question 27

Diagnostics of HIV Detects antibodies, not HIV itself

Answer 27

Antibody test

Question 28

Diagnostics test of HIV Directly detect HIV

Answer 28

Antigen tests

Question 29

Diagnostic test of HIV

Answer 29

Also directly detect HIV

Question 30

Refers to the time between HIV exposure and when a test can detect in your body.

Answer 30

The window period for an HIV Test

Question 31

The window period of nucleic acid test (NAT)

Answer 31

10-33 days

Question 32

The window period of antigen/antibody lab test

Answer 32

18-45 days

Question 33

Rapid antigen/antibody test window period

Answer 33

18-90 days

Question 34

Antibody Test window period

Answer 34

23-90 days

Question 35

Clinical Manifestations (Acute)

Answer 35

-Fever -Sore throat -Night sweats - Mouth Ulcers - Chills - Fatigue - Rash - Swollen lymph nodes - Muscle ache

Question 36

Involuntary loss of more than 10% of one’s body weight while having experienced diarrhea or weakness and fever for more than 30 days

Answer 36

HIV Wasting Syndrome

Question 37

Caused by human herpesvirus

Answer 37

Kaposi Sarcoma

Question 38

Affects men 8x more than women

Answer 38

Kaposi Sarcoma

Question 39

Involves epithelial layer of blood and lymphatic vessels

Answer 39

Kaposi Sarcoma

Question 40

AIDS Defining Illnesses

Answer 40

-Tuberculosis -Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia -Recurrent pneumonia -HIV encephalopathy

Question 41

A clinical syndrome that is characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive, behavioral, and motor functions as a direct result of HIV

Answer 41

HIV encephalopathy

Question 42

A clinical syndrome that is characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive, behavioral, and motor functions as a direct result of HIV

Answer 42

HIV encephalopathy

Question 43

Techniques to strengthen ART Adherence

Answer 43

-Use a multidisciplinary team approach - Provide necessary resources - Use positive reinforcements to foster adherence success - Identify type and reason of non-adherence

Question 44

Nutritional Therapy

Answer 44

-Megestrol acetate (Megace) - High calorie, high protein, low fat diet

Question 45

Appetite stimulant increases body weight by increasing fat stores in patients with HIV infection

Answer 45

Megestrol acetate (Megace)

Question 46

Supportive Care

Answer 46

-Provide assistance in obtaining or preparing food -Provide meticulous skin care to prevent skin breakdown -Administer pain medications, and non-pharmacologic pain management - If with pulmonary manifestations, facilitate oxygen therapy, relaxation training and energy conservation techniques -Offer emotional and psychological support

Question 47

Syphilis causative agent

Answer 47

Treponema pallidum

Question 48

Mode of transmission of syphilis

Answer 48

-Direct contact (Sexual) -Congenital

Question 49

Diagnostics of Syphilis

Answer 49

-VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory)- screening test -Treponemal test (Fluorsecent treponemal antibody absorption test [FTA-ABS]- confirmatory test

Question 50

Occurs 2 to 3 weeks after initial inoculation with CA

Answer 50

Primary syphilis

Question 51

Main characteristics of primary syphilis that manifest painless lesion at site of infection

Answer 51

Chancre

Question 52

Hematogenous spread of organism leads to generalized infection

Answer 52

Secondary syphilis

Question 53

Characteristics of Secondary Syphilis

Answer 53

-Macular rash (pink to brown) on palms or soles -Mucous patches (oral lesions) - Condyloma lata

Question 54

Characteristics of secondary syphilis that manifest a large, whitish-gray lesion found in moist areas

Answer 54

Condyloma lata

Question 55

Infected but asymptomatic

Answer 55

Latency

Question 56

Final stage in stages and manifestations in syphilis and natural history of disease slowly progressive inflammatory disease with potential to affect multiple organs

Answer 56

Tertiary syphilis