SFM Questions Flashcards
(300 cards)
1
Q
Primary lymphoid organs are
A
Bone marrow and thymus
2
Q
Secondary Lymphoid organs do what
A
Recognise and activate
3
Q
Adaptive immune system features
A
Specific
Memory
Antibody production
4
Q
Innate immune system features
A
First line of defence
Birth
No memory
White blood cells
5
Q
Name two antigen presenting cells
A
Dendritic and macrophages
6
Q
What do nk cells do
A
Kill infected cells
7
Q
Antibodies are specific to what
A
Epitope on antigen
8
Q
MHC1 does what
A
Cytotoxic and release perforin
9
Q
CD4 cell does what
A
B cell production
10
Q
Histamine causes the capillaries to do what
A
Increase cap permeability
11
Q
IGM feature
A
Good at complement and opsonisation
12
Q
IGE
A
Parasitic and Allergy
13
Q
IGA
A
Resist stomach
14
Q
Which type of cell for class switch
A
Th2
15
Q
What type of bond in complement activation
A
Disulphide
16
Q
Appositional bone growth does what and from where
A
Increase width from periosteum
17
Q
Interstitial bone growth does what from where
A
Increase length from epi plate
18
Q
IC nerves supplied from which ramus
A
Ventral
19
Q
Lumbar puncture adult
A
L3;4
20
Q
Lumbar puncture child
A
L4/5
21
Q
C1
A
Atlas
22
Q
C2
A
Axis
23
Q
C7
A
Vertebrae prominens
24
Q
T3
A
Spine of Scapula
25
T7
Inferior angle scapula
26
L1/2
Summit iliac crest
27
S2
Dura mater
28
Spine terminate adult
L1/2
29
Spine terminate child
L2/3
30
Anterior body nerve supply
Ventral, Efferent, Limbs and body, motor
31
Posterior nerve supply
Dorsal, sensory, afferrent, not limbs
32
How many ribs
12
33
Thoracic duct where
Commences L1 Cistenra Chyli
34
Meninges bottom to top
Pia, arachnoid, dura.
35
G proteins - adenyl cyclase does what
Regulates pka
36
A1 does what to eye
Dilated pupils
37
B1 does what to heart
Increased heart rate
38
A2 does what to gastric
Inhibits gastric
39
B2 does what
Dilates airways
40
Agonist does what
Mimics normal
41
Antagonist does what
Blocks and causes high affinity, low efficacy
42
Ca2 comes from
Endoplasmic reticulum
43
Black widow spider blocks what
Ca2
44
Botulinum toxin does what
Blocks vehicle fuision
45
Methyldopa does what
Inhibits presynaptics
46
Carbidopa blocks what
Na
47
Acetylcholine acts on what
Cholinergic receptors
48
Where can use glucose in terms of organs
Brain, nervous, testes, RBC
49
Pyruvate to acetyl coa where
Mitochondria
50
Pentose phosphate pathway produces
NADPH
51
What happens in Von Gierke disease
High liver glucose and low blood glucose
52
What happens in mccardles disease and treatment
High glucose
Cramps
Avoid stren exercise
53
What is produced from citric acid cycle
Acetyl Coa
54
Terminal respiration type of phosphorylation
Oxidative
55
Terminal respiration where
Eurkaryotic cell
56
Oxidation of fadh2 produces what atp
Decreased
57
Complex 1 terminal respiration
Ox NADH
58
Complex 2 terminal respiration
Ox FADH2
59
Complex3 Terminal resp
Cytochrome C
60
What joint does the triceps cross
Glenhumeral
61
Anterior muscle causes
Flexion
62
Posterior muscle. Causes
Extension
63
Mid muscle causes
Abduction
64
Muscle to bone is
Tendon
65
Bone to joint is
Ligament
66
Hyaline cartilage where
Between joints
Epiphyseal plate
Trachea
67
Wrist drop caused by
Posterior forearm
68
Foot drop caused by
Anterior foot
69
Involuntary muscle is
Skeletal
70
Voluntary muscle is
Skeletal
71
Name 3 monosaccharides
Glucose, galactose and fructose
72
Monosaccharide features
6 Carbon
Anomeric carbons
Reducing sugars
73
Disaccharides joined by what type of bond
Glycosidic monomers
74
Name 2 discharides
Maltose and lactose
| Reducing sugars
75
Starch features
Non reducing
| Amylose andmylopectin
76
Glycogen uses
Liver and skeletal muscle
77
Homopolysaccharide
Single
78
Heteropolysachcharide
2
79
Proteoglycans link
Covalent
80
What two are not digested
Cellulose and oligodendrocytes
81
Where does no digestion of carbs take place
Stomach
82
Final place carb digestion
Jejenum
83
Glycolysis type of phosphorylatiton
Substrate
84
Glycolysis net gain
2 atp and nadh per glucose
85
How many steps glycolysis
10
86
Cori cycle produces what
Lactate
87
Ketone bodies use excess what
Acetyl coa
88
Where uses ketones
Muscle
89
Where cannot use ketones
Brain
90
Where are ketones formed
Liver
91
Diabetic ketosis feature
Decreased insulin
92
Acetyl coa formed where
Mitochondria
93
Citrate shuttle
Moving acetyl coa from mitochondria
| To cytoskeleton
94
Malonyl coa formation needs what
Acetyl coa carboxylate
95
Eicosanoid is precursor for what
Prostaglandin
96
Ketogenesis depends on
Acetyl coa
97
Omega 3 comes from
Linoleic acid
98
Humans can’t introduce double bonds beyond
Carbon 9
99
Statins
Decrease ldl
100
Saturated fa features
No double bonds, high TM
101
Saturated fa features
No double bonds, high tm
102
Unsaturated fa features
1 double bond, low tm
103
Cat1 deficiency
No betaxidation
| Give iv glucose
104
Amipathic molecule feature
Head hydrophilic
| Tail hydrophobic
105
Chylomicrons released by
Exocytosis
106
Chylomicrons in blood by
Tag and Lipase
107
B oxidation features
Produces acetyl coa, fadh2 and nadh
Carnitine shuttle outside to inside mitro
Dehydrogenase is fadh2
129 atp formed
108
Enzymes reaction equilibrium
Do not move this but can move towards
109
Enzymes spontaneous reactions
Increase these
110
Enzymes activation energy
Decrease this
111
Energy features
Never destroyed
112
Spontaneous reactions must use what type of free energy
Negative as enthalpy down and entropy up
113
Active site of enzyme must be
complementary to transition state
114
Line weaver burk is
Double reciprocal plot
115
Isoenzymes
Catalyse same reaction
116
Glucokinase
High km and vmax in liver
117
He Okinawa
Low vmax and km in muscle
118
Allosteric enzymes
Change vmax affinity for substrate
119
When substrate is higher than km
Zero order
120
When sub is lower than km
First order
121
Competitive inhibitor
Decrease affinity and increase km
122
Non comp inhibits
Decrease km
123
Nitrogenase is inactivated by
Oxygen
124
Transamination
Reversible glutamate
125
To make alanine
Glutamate can donate ammonia to pyruvate
126
Glucose alanine cycle produces
Urea
127
Glutamate charge
Negative
128
Pyruvate dehydrogenase can produce
Acetyl coa
129
Tight junctions
Occluding
130
Microvilli
Absorb
131
Transitional epithelial where
Bladder
132
Exocrine
Into tube eg*pancreas
133
Endocrine
Into blood eg adrenals
134
Langherhan cell
Immune
135
Merkel cell respond to
Touch
136
Hair origin
Dermis
137
Nails origin
Stratum cornerm
138
Meissiner copruscles responds to
Light touch
139
Pacinian corpuscles respond to
Vibration.
140
Short bone example
Carpal
141
Long bone example
Femur
142
Osteoclasts
Break down bones
143
Osteoblasts
Build bone
144
Osteocytes found where
Lacuinar
145
Fluroscopy is
Continuous x Ray
146
Endochorodrial bone formation from where
Epi growth plate
147
Intramembranous bone growth from where
Mesenchymal cells
148
Red blood cell life
120 days
149
Platelet life
10 days
150
Blood where
1 litre lungs
3 system
1 heart
151
Plasma proteins features
Do not cross cap wall, generate oncotic pressure of 25mmhg
152
Hydrostaticpressure
Move out
153
Basophils
Release histamine
154
Bacterial infection
Neutrophil
155
Viral infection
Lymphocyte
156
Total body water
42 litres
157
How much water ecf
1/3
158
How much water icf
2/3
159
Trannscellular fluid
Csf
160
Capillary wall
Permeable to everything except plasma protein
161
How to measure plasma
Dyes/radioactive
162
How to measure ecf
Insulin,sucrose
163
How to measure tbw
Loading dose water
164
Bicabonate buffer for
Plasma
165
Brain protected by
Blood brain barrier
166
ATP to ADP is
Condensation, anabolic, endergonic
167
ADP to ATP is
Hydrolysis, exergonic and catabolic
168
Electron motive force
Oxy of glucose
169
DNA Bonds
TA
GC
AT
CG
170
Blood hco3
Maintains blood ph
171
Gap junctions where
Heart
Liver
Pancreas
172
Protein modifications
Rer and Golgi
173
Light atoms are
Strongest bond
174
Primary protein
Amino acids, peptide bonds
175
Pyrimidines rings
Single
176
Purine rings
Double
177
D glucose
Reducing sugar
178
Nucleoside
No phosphate
179
Glycosidic bond
Covalent
180
Denaturing proteins does what to digestion
Increases
181
Transcription
DNA to RNA
182
Translation
RNA to protein
183
Van deer walls
Weak and non specific
184
Hydrogen bond
Strong and perm
185
Disulphide bond
Strong between 2 cysteine
186
Glycosylation where
Er and Golgi
187
Scurvy
Low viT c, proline and lysine
188
Eukaryotic is what
Human cell with mitochondria
189
Prokaryotic cell lacks
Mitochondria, nucleus
190
Anabolic is wha
Endergonic/energy absorbed
191
Catabolic is. what
Exergonic/energy released
192
Energy transformations cause what
Entropy to increase
193
Spontaneous reactions never reach
Equilibrium
194
Low activation energy means
Fast reaction
195
Water is
Polar with hydrogen bonds
196
Which molecules are not polar
02 and co2
197
Pure water ph
7
198
Ion kw product of water
1 x 10-7
199
Hydrophoobic lipids transport
Chylomicrons in blood
200
Acid is
Proton donor
201
Base is
Proton acceptor
202
Carboxylic acid is
Polar
203
Triglyceride is
Non polar
204
Phospholipid is
Polar
205
Buffer iS
Weak acid
206
Diffusion moves
High to low
207
Active diffusion moves
Against gradient
208
Ions use what as transport
Transport proteins
209
Na is higher
Outside cell
210
K is higher
Inside cel
211
Na/k atpase
3 na out
| 2 k in
212
Tonicity
Non pen particles
213
Hypotonic
Cell swells
214
Hypertonic
Cell shrinks
215
Isotonic
No change
216
Higher non pen than solute
Hypotonic
217
Lower non pen than solute
Hypertonic
218
Concentration same in cell and solute
Isotonic
219
Urea
Penetrating molecules
220
Ecf non pen solute
Na and. Ci
221
Icf non pen solute
K
222
Ecf can be measured by
Sucrose
223
Muscle spindle monitors
Muscle length
224
Stretch increases
Sensory nerves
225
Knee jerk example of
Negative feedback
226
Flexor withdrawal receptors
Nociceptors
227
Cns system can do what in reflexes
Override voluntary movement
228
Golgi tendon organ afferent fibres
Monitor tension
229
Golgi tendon organ leads to
Decreased contraction with somatosensory cortex
230
Adequate stimulus causes
Graded potential change
231
Na influx causes
Depolarisation
232
Proprioceptors
Body/limb
233
High acuity reflex
Two signals
234
Low acuity =
High convergence
235
Lateral inhibition is
Precise location
236
Remove capsule in reflex
Lose adaptation
237
Meisserr corpuscles adaptation
Rapid
238
Merkel disc adaptation
Slow
239
Ruffin corpuscles
Respond to stretch
240
Gamma efferent
Send signals away from cns
241
Actin is
Thin filament
242
Myosin is
Thick filament
243
Caudal equina made from
Lumbar. And sacral
244
Primary cartilage
Hyaline/immovable
245
Secondary cartilage
Fibrocartilage
246
Brachioradialis
Humerus
Flexion
Radius
247
Metacarpals
Hand
248
Where in adult production blood
Flat bone
249
Where in child produces blood
Long bone
250
Smooth muscle cross bridge
Increases ca2; actin causes contraction
251
Excite/Contraction
Ca2, troponin, tropomyosin,
| Hydrolysis of atp
252
Slow oxidative fibres
Resist fatigue
253
Faster glycolysic fibres
Tire quickly
254
Constant length contraction
Isometric eg weight
255
Contraction with short length
Isotonic eg run
256
Single ap to muscle fibre
Twitch
257
Parasympathetic pregang release
Acetylcholine on nicotinic receptors
258
Parasympathetic postgang release
Acetylcholine on muscarinic
259
Sympathetic pregang white ramus release
Acetylcholine on nicotinic
260
Sympathetic post gang grey ramus release
Norepinephrine
261
Sympathetic nervous system
Fight flight
262
Parasympathetic nervous system
Rest digest
263
Sympathetic
Thoraco lumbar and coordinates
264
Parasympathetic
Craniosacral and independent
265
B2 receptors on eye
Dilate
266
B2 on smooth muscle
Decreased
267
Parasympathetic on gut
Increased motility
268
A1 on parasympathetic hr
Decreased
269
Involuntary muscle
Smooth, metabrotrophic, cardiac
270
Voluntary muscle
Skeletal, ionotropic, somatic
271
Blood brain barrier has
Tight junctionn
272
Hyperkalaemia causes
Ventricular fibrillation
273
Graded potential features
Decremental
Non prop
Short distance
274
Ach\peptides
Inactivate by breakdown
275
Schwann cells form myelin where
Pns
276
Oligodendrocytes form myelin where
CNS
277
Spider toxin
Blocks ca2
278
Brain sections
Frontal anterior
Temporal bottom mid
Parietal top mid
Occipital back
279
Dendrite
Receive info
280
Axon hillock/initial segment
Trigger ap
281
Fire action potential
When rmp is 55
282
Stop action potential
Big graded potential
283
EPSP
Make fire, open na/k, inotropic
284
IPSP
Stop fire, open ci/k, metabrotropic
285
Astrocytes found where
Blood brain glia
286
Rmp reacts to
K permeability
287
Depolarise
Open ca or na
288
Hyperpolarise
Open k or ci
289
AP features
Long distance
All or none
Self propagated
290
How many pairs spinal nerves
31
291
How many pairs cranial nerves
12
292
Sympathetic thoracic synapse where
In chain
293
Sympathetic abdomen synapse
On organ
294
Splanchic nerves
T1-4
295
Brachial plexus
C5-8 and T1
296
Lumbosacral plexus
L1-S4
297
T2
Sternomanubrial
298
Somatic supplies
Voluntary, Skeleton with 1 synapse
299
ANS supplies
Involuntary and glands with 2 synapses
300
Lumbosacral plexus
L1-S4
