SHALLOW MARINE WATERS: KELP FOREST & CORAL GARDENS

Question 1

Grows in temperate to subpolar regions where there is a solid bottom and no overgrazing.

Answer 1

Kelp

Question 2

Confined to low latitudes, between 30°N & S

Answer 2

Coral Reefs

Question 3

Categories of reefs (3)

Answer 3

1. Fringing Reefs
2. Barrier Reefs
3. Coral Atolls

Question 4

Hug the shore of a continent/island

Answer 4

Fringing Reef

Question 5

Stands between the open sea and a lagoon.

Answer 5

Barrier Reefs

Question 6

Have coral islets (that emerged from a submerged oceanic island and a ring lagoon)

Answer 6

Coral Atolls

Question 7

Emerged from a submerged oceanic island and a ring lagoon.

Answer 7

Coral Islets

Question 8

Habitats of corals (3)

Answer 8

1. Reef Crest
2. Buttress Zone
3. Lagoon

Question 9

Where corals grow in surge zone created by waves

Answer 9

Reef Crest

Question 10

Corals formations alternate with sand-bottomed canyons

Answer 10

Buttress Zone

Question 11

Contains numerous small coral reefs called patch reefs and sea grass beds.

Answer 11

Lagoon

Question 12

Lagoon contains numerous small coral reefs called ______ & _______

Answer 12

Patch Reefs & Sea Grass Beds

Question 13

At the water surface. More than 25 m above the seafloor.

Answer 13

Canopy

Question 14

It forms when other seaweed species of smaller structure usually grow along the bottom.

Answer 14

Understory

Question 15

Extend from the canopy to the bottom.

Answer 15

Stems or Stipes

Question 16

Stems/stipes are anchored with these structures.

Answer 16

Holdfast

Question 17

_____ on the stipes/stems of kelp grow numerous species of epiphytic algae and sessile invertebrates.

Answer 17

Fonds

Question 18

Fonds on the stipes/stems of kelp grow numerous species of ________ & _______

Answer 18

Epiphytic Algae and Sessile Invertebrates

Question 19

Only grow in surface waters where there’s sufficient light to support photosynthesis.

Answer 19

Seaweed and Reef-Building Corals

Question 20

Few meter to 100 m depth of light penetration is sufficient to support this.

Answer 20

Kelp and Corals

Question 21

How many depth of light penetration is sufficient to support Kelp and Corals.

Answer 21

Few meter - 100 m

Question 22

Where kelps are limited to

Answer 22

Temperate shores

Question 23

Where Reef-Building corals are restricted to

Answer 23

Warms Waters

Question 24

At what below minimum temperature does reef-building corals should be

Answer 24

18°C to 20°C

Question 25

At what average temperature does reef-building corals should be

Answer 25

23°C - 25°C

Question 26

Temperature above ____ are lethal to reef-building corals.

Answer 26

29°C

Question 27

Coral reefs and kelp beds are continuously washed out buy this.

Answer 27

Oceanic Currents

Question 28

_____ + extremely strong currents (during hurricanes) can detach kelp forest and flatten coral reefs.

Answer 28

Wave Actions

Question 29

The salinity where coral reefs can grow

Answer 29

Fairly Stable Salinity

Question 30

Heavy rainfall/ runoff from rivers that reduces salinity below ____ can be lethal to corals

Answer 30

27%

Question 31

Coral reefs and kelp forest occur here, which help sustain a well oxygenated environment.

Answer 31

Vigorous wave action/ active currents

Question 32

Predatory crown-of-thorns sea star which eats corals. Have devastated ares of coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific region.

Answer 32

Acanthasther planci

Question 33

Where does Acanthasther planci devastated a large area?

Answer 33

Indo-Pacific Region

Question 34

which eats both algae and corals. It also benefits the corals by reducing algal populations.

Answer 34

Diadema antillarum

Question 35

This productivity depends on a mutually beneficial relationship between reef-building corals and algae called _____

Answer 35

Zooxanthellae

Question 36

Human influences (6)

Answer 36

1. Exploitation 2. Coral Harvesting 3. Heavy Exploitation 4. Destructive Fishing 5. Pollution 6. Coral Bleaching

Question 37

Tons of kelp are harvested as a ____ & _____

Answer 37

Food additive and for fertilizer

Question 38

____ & ____ are used on coral reefs

Answer 38

Dynamite and Poison

Question 39

In the Philippines, ____ of the area once covered by coral reefs were destroyed

Answer 39

60%

Question 40

As the temperature of the ocean _____, corals have increasingly expelled their _____. Resulting in the loss of their color called ____

Answer 40

Warmed, Zooxanthellae Coral Bleaching

Question 41

Bleaching episodes are followed by _______

Answer 41

Massive Coral Mortality