shallows test

Question 1

shaping

Answer 1

the process of selectively reinforcing responses that approximate the desired response to an increasing degree

Question 2

terminal response

Answer 2

the final pattern of the behavior that is emitted after the shaping process is complete

Question 3

successive approximations

Answer 3

gradual changes in the criterion for reinforcement that brings the animal closer to the terminal response

Question 4

extinction

Answer 4

behavior stops when reinforcement is removed

Question 5

prompting

Answer 5

an antecedent event that helps initiate a response

Question 6

fading

Answer 6

gradual removal of an sD

Question 7

stimulus generalization

Answer 7

behavior that is emitted in a variety of situations aside from the one it was originally trained in

Question 8

superstitious behaviors

Answer 8

behaviors that are not required for reinforcement but become part of the response

Question 9

principle of reinforcement

Answer 9

the increase in the frequency of a response when it is immediately followed by a certain consequence

Question 10

positive reinforcers

Answer 10

events that are added after a response that increase the frequency of a behavior

Question 11

negative reinforcers

Answer 11

events that are removed after a response that increase the frequency of a behavior

Question 12

response deprivation hypothesis

Answer 12

the individual is deprived of opportunities to perform the desired behavior when that behavior is contingent on a target response

Question 13

shaping vs chaining

Answer 13

chaining proceeds in a backwards direction while shaping works in a forward direction

Question 14

4 types of reinforcement schedules

Answer 14

1) intermittent
2) continuous
3) chained
4) concurrent

Question 15

continuous reinforcement schedule use

Answer 15

used in the beginning stages of a behavior

Question 16

intermittent reinforcement schedule use

Answer 16

behavior maintenance

Question 17

fixed ratio schedule

Answer 17

set number of correct responses prior to reinforcement
ex: FR3 - every 3rd correct response is reinforced

Question 18

fixed interval schedule

Answer 18

predetermined periods of time in which reinforcement is then made available

ex: FI2 - reinforcement is provided every 2 minutes

Question 19

variable ratio schedule

Answer 19

behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses

produces high and steady rates of behavior

Question 20

variable interval schedule

Answer 20

behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable amount of time

produces slow and steady states of behavior

Question 21

post reinforcement pause

Answer 21

the lack of response for a period of time after reinforcement is provided

Question 22

what reinforcement schedules cause a post reinforcement pause?

Answer 22

fixed ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval

Question 23

scalloping

Answer 23

the animal stops responding for a period of time after reinforcement is delivered and then begins responding at an exponentially increasing rate as the time draws closer to the set interval

Question 24

what reinforcement schedule causes scalloping?

Answer 24

fixed interval

Question 25

chained reinforcement schedule

Answer 25

a series of behaviors must be completed in a specific order, and reinforcement is delivered only after the entire sequence is finished

Question 26

concurrent reinforcement schedule

Answer 26

presents multiple reinforcement schedules simultaneously, allowing an individual to choose which behavior they want to engage in based on the available contingencies

Question 27

matching law

Answer 27

the frequency of an emitted response is similar to the frequency of reinforcement more reinforcement for a behavior = more emission of that behavior

Question 28

LRS

Answer 28

least reinforcing scenario (the LRS is a behavior!)

Question 29

what does the LRS teach the animals?

Answer 29

a missed opportunity for reinforcement is followed by another opportunity for reinforcement

Question 30

benefit of the LRS

Answer 30

allows animas to learn from their mistakes by reducing frustration associated with such errors