Shaping places - Regenerating places - How is regeneration managed? Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Shaping places - Regenerating places - How is regeneration managed? Deck (84)
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1
Q

What is the UK Government responsible for?

A

The UK Government is responsible for planning regulation and regeneration polices, as well as major infrastructure investment and immigration, which provides a national context for local regeneration.

2
Q

What are local councils key players of?

A

Local councils are key players in the success of local economies, and delivering regeneration in urban and rural places.

3
Q

Why is rebranding an important element of regeneration?

A

Rebranding is an important element of regeneration, as it attempts to change people’s perception of places, both urban and rural.

4
Q

Where does much of the funding for regeneration come from?

A

Much of the funding for regeneration comes from national government (and the EU) in the form of grants.

5
Q

What was the 1950-1980 regeneration policy Regional Policy & New Towns?

A

Grants were directed at depressed regions, supported by new road development and the movement of government jobs out of London into the regions. New towns were built as inner city slums were cleared.

6
Q

What was 1980-2000 regeneration policy Urban Development Corporations (UDCs) and Single Regeneration Budget (SRB)?

A

Focus on inner-city regeneration in deindustrialised areas in northern cities and London, led by quangos which were free from local council control and many normal planning regulations.

7
Q

What are quangos?

A

A quango (quasi-autonomous non-governmental organisation) is an organisation given the power to do a task that might be expected to be done by government. They are government funded, but act independently.

8
Q

What was the 1998-2010 regeneration policy Regional Development Agencies (RDAs)

A

Regulation was led by RDAs which decided how to spend government grants within large regions, like the North East and South West

9
Q

What was the post-2010 regeneration policy Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs)?

A

A much more local policy, focused on regeneration and job creation in specific small areas. There were about 40 LEPs in England in 2015.

10
Q

What has been a feature of the UK since the 1950s?

A

A feature of the UK since the 1950s has been a distinct North-South divide.

11
Q

What is the North-South divide?

A

The North-South divide is the difference in wealth between the industrial North, Midlands and North West and the more prosperous South and East of the UK.

12
Q

How has national infrastructure investment tried to reduce the North-South divide?

A

National infrastructure investment has also tried to reduce the divide by improving transport accessibility in order to improve economic growth:

  • The UK motorway network, begun in the 1950s, has attempted to reduce road travel times between regions.
  • The proposed High-Speed Rail network between London, Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester and Leeds is a planned attempt to connect the poorer regions to the economic core in London and the South East.
  • Since the 1960s, there has been considerable investment in regional airports like Newcastle, Manchester and Glasgow.
13
Q

Has reg

A

d

14
Q

What planning policies does the UK have that are important in the context of regeneration?

A

The UK has a number of planning policies that are important in the context of regeneration:

  • Greenbelt land, which surrounds most large cities, cannot be built on; it is protected greenspace, usually farmland.
  • Conservation areas like National Parks have strict planning regulations that limit the development of all but small-scale residential and commercial schemes.
  • Planning permission is often dependent on a scheme including ‘planning gain’.
  • Planning laws allow for some developments that are ‘in the national interest’ such as fracking for shale gas, or quarrying, or new road building, even when these would not normally be allowed.
  • National house-building targets set at 240,000 new homes per year in 2007 and revised to 200,000 per year for 2010-15 (these targets have never been met).
15
Q

What scheme is planning permission often dependent on?

A

Planning permission is often dependent on a scheme including ‘planning gain’.

16
Q

How many new homes do national house-building targets set at per year in 2007?

A

National house-building targets set at 240,000 new homes per year in 2007 and revised to 200,000 per year for 2010-15 (these targets have never been met).

17
Q

What are affordable homes?

A

Affordable homes are those, usually for rent, which can be afforded by families on low incomes.

18
Q

What are the consequences of the housing shortage in the UK?

A

The housing shortage in the UK means:

  • There was a shortage of about 500,000 homes by 2016.
  • 240,000 homes need to be built each year to meet current demand.
  • For the last ten years, only 100,000-150,000 new homes have been built each year.
19
Q

What can a lack of ability to build new housing prevent?

A

Lack of ability to build new housing can prevent economic development and regeneration by limiting the opportunities for new people to move into an area.

20
Q

How have government policies contributed to housing shortages?

A

It could be argued that other government policies have contributed to housing shortages:

  • Immigration: large-scale immigration from the EU, especially since 2004, contributed to increasing the UK population from 59 million in 2001 to 63 million by 2011. An open-door immigration policy may have economic benefits but it also creates demand for new homes.
  • Deregulation: the UK is very open to foreign investment, including foreign people and companies buying property. In 2016 the Guardian estimated that 40,000 London properties were owned by offshore tax havens. These properties may not be lived in, or even rented.
  • Second homes and holiday homes: there are few restrictions in the UK on people buying houses to rent out, e.g. as a holiday let or buying a second home. In some rural areas a large percentage of houses may not be available to local people.
21
Q

How much did the UK’s population increase by between 2001 and 2011 as a result of large-scale immigration from the EU?

A

Large-scale immigration from the EU, especially since 2004, contributed to increasing the UK population from 59 million in 2001 to 63 million by 2011.

22
Q

What are the problems of an open-door immigration policy?

A

An open-door immigration policy may have economic benefits but it also creates demand for new homes.

23
Q

In 2016 how many London properties were estimated by the Guardian to be owned by offshore tax havens?

A

In 2016 the Guardian estimated that 40,000 London properties were owned by offshore tax havens.

24
Q

What are the problems of the UK being very open to foreign investment, including foreign people and companies buying property?

A

These properties may not be lived in, or even rented.

25
Q

What are the problems of these being few restrictions in the UK on people buying houses to rent out, e.g. as a holiday let or buying a second home?

A

In some rural areas a large percentage of houses may not be available to local people.

26
Q

What are the effects of the factors: immigration, deregulation and second homes and holiday homes?

A

All of the factors tend to reduce housing supply and increase prices of other homes. Longer-term, there is a risk that very high house prices will prevent investment in some locations. UK-based or foreign investors could be put off investing in areas where housing for workers would be very expensive.

27
Q

What do plans drawn up by Councils, called Unitary Development Plans, identify?

A

Councils draw up plans, called Unitary Development Plans, which identify:

  • areas for new housing
  • priority areas for regeneration
  • new roads and other major infrastructure
  • areas for commercial development, i.e. factories, offices and retail.
28
Q

What are the aims of Unitary Development Plans?

A

Such plans aim to create environments that are attractive to both people and businesses (UK-based and foreign investors) and therefore create a successful place. This means planning has to provide a range of spaces such as:

  • retail parks and shopping centres
  • business parks for office functions, and industrial parks for manufacturing and distribution.
29
Q

What are science parks?

A

Science parks are industrial and business parks focused on the quaternary industry and usually involve at least one university as a key partner.

30
Q

How many science parks and business incubators (smaller sites, for start-up companies) are there in the UK, owned by TNCs, universities and local councils?

A

There are over 100 science parks and business incubators (smaller sites, for start-up companies) in the UK, owned by TNCs, universities and local councils.

31
Q

Give an example of a science park.

A

NETPark (North East Technology Park) is a science park in Sedgefield, County Durham which is partnered by Durham University. Development, on a former hospital site, began in 2000 and the park now hosts 25 companies employing about 400 people. Other partners include Durham County Council, the UK Space Agency and Business Durham - the economic development agency for County Durham. Business Durham ‘manages a portfolio of business property and excels in finding the right space for businesses to grow - commercial office space, modern laboratories and industrial property units’ - in other words, its job is to attract domestic and foreign investment to County Durham.

32
Q

How many companies does the NETPARK (North East Technology Park) host?

A

The part now hosts 25 companies employing about 400 people.

33
Q

What is regeneration in the twenty-first century about?

A

Regeneration in the twenty-first century is about partnerships between the public and private sectors. Often public money from taxes is used as a pump-priming mechanism to ‘lever’ in private investment.

34
Q

What is pump-priming?

A

Pump-priming means using money from national and local government to make an area more attractive to investors by improving derelict sites, transport, power and water supply so that private companies choose to invest.

35
Q

What is public money from taxes often used for?

A

Often public money from taxes is used as a pump-priming mechanism to ‘lever’ in private investment.

36
Q

What do partnerships for regeneration need to work?

A

In order for partnerships for regeneration to work they need to include as many players as possible:

  • Chambers of Commerce: these organisations represent business and industry in a local area, and persuade local and national government to invest in infrastructure, education and skills training.
  • Trade unions: their jobs is to represent workers in particular industries over issues like pay and conditions; their support is important to many companies that want good worker-manager relations
  • Education: schools, further and higher education establishments provide the skilled workers modern businesses need so they are key partners.
  • Local groups: regeneration and development involves change, so local environmental groups, historical preservation societies and even wildlife groups need to be involved so that change does not lead to negative local consequences.
37
Q

What are players’?

A

Players are the decision makers and other groups who have interest in a particular plan or issue; the people affected by changing geography of a place.

38
Q

What is the role of the Chambers of Commerce in regeneration?

A

These organisations represent business and industry in a local area and persuade local and national government to invest in infrastructure, education and skills training.

39
Q

What is the role of trade unions in regeneration?

A

Their job is to represent workers in particular industries over issues like pay and conditions; their support is important to many companies that want good worker-manager relations.

40
Q

What is the role of education in regeneration?

A

Schools, further and higher education establishments provide the skilled workers modern businesses need so they are key partners.

41
Q

What is the role of local groups in regeneration?

A

Regeneration and development involves change, so local environmental groups, historical preservation societies and even wildlife groups need to be involved so that change does not lead to negative local consequences.

42
Q

How can regeneration plans lead to conflict between different players?

A

Inevitably regeneration leads to change:

  • in the physical fabric of an area in terms of buildings, street patterns and possibly historic landmark buildings
  • in the population of places, as newcomers move into regenerated areas.
43
Q

What types of industries and jobs do science parks attempt to attract?

A

f

44
Q

Explain how in the 1970s the residents of Coin Street resisted attempts to develop commercial, hotel and retail space in their area.

A
  • In the 1980s the regeneration of London’s Docklands by the London Docklands Development Corporation (a UDC) sparked protests by existing residents who felt the service sector jobs being created, and expensive apartment housing, was doing nothing to reduce poverty in the area.
  • Around 25 years later residents in Newham, the site of the London 2012 Olympics also felt that in some cases their needs were being ignored as the huge regeneration of the Olympic Park took place, e.g. protests by residents of the Clay Lane Housing Cooperative which was compulsory purchased in 2007 to make way for Olympic site developments.
45
Q

When does compulsory purchasing occur?

A

Compulsory purchasing occurs when existing homes or businesses must be demolished to make way for new developments. Compensation is given but the purchase cannot be prevented.

46
Q

What are some of the local issues surrounding the 2012 London Olympics regeneration?

A

f

47
Q

What does regeneration often focus more on?

A

Regeneration often focuses more on economic sectors based on the existing strengths of an area (such as an attractive physical landscape, good transport access, history and existing buildings or demand for new services).

48
Q

What are the four types of regeneration strategies in urban areas?

A

Retail
Heritage tourism
Sport & Leisure
Arts & Culture

49
Q

What are some examples of retail as a regeneration strategy in urban areas?

A

Major shopping malls, e.g. Westfield in Stratford or Meadowhall in Sheffield, which are ‘destinations’ as much as places to shop.

50
Q

What are some examples of heritage tourism as a regeneration strategy in urban areas?

A

Historic sites and attractions such as Hartlepool’s Maritime Experience or the Titanic Quarter in Belfast.

51
Q

What are some examples of sport & leisure as a regeneration strategy in urban areas?

A

Regeneration linked to major sporting events such as the London 2012 Olympics in Stratford, or the 2002 Commonwealth Games in East Manchester.

52
Q

What are some examples of arts & culture as a regeneration strategy in urban areas?

A

Landmark cultural buildings such as the Baltic art gallery and Sage music venue at Gateshead Quayside, or MediaCity in Salford.

53
Q

What is a landmark?

A

Landmark, or flagship, buildings are major new or redeveloped buildings with high visual impact designed to stimulate further regeneration.

54
Q

What are the four regeneration strategies for rural areas?

A

Media themes
Outdoor pursuits
Farm diversification
Sustainable rural livelihoods

55
Q

What are some examples of media themes as a regeneration strategy in rural areas?

A

Tourist trails based on popular TV programmes such as Heartbeat in the North York Moors or Last of The Summer Wine in Holmfirth, West Yorkshire.

56
Q

What are some examples of outdoor pursuits as a regeneration strategy in rural areas?

A

Walking, mountain biking and climbing in Galloway Forest Park in southern Scotland or Zip World in Blaenau
Ffestiniog’s old state quarries in Wales.

57
Q

What are some examples of farm diversification as a regeneration strategy in rural areas?

A

Many

58
Q

d

A

d

59
Q

What is heritage rebranding based on?

A

Historic sites and attractions such as Hartlepool’s Maritime Experience or the Titanic Quarter in Belfast

60
Q

What is rebranding?

A

Rebranding means changing the perceived image of a place to outsiders, as well as physically regenerating an area.

61
Q

Why is rebranding important?

A

Regeneration usually involves rebranding. This is important because successfully regenerated places become locations people want to live in, work in and visit as well as making them more attractive to investors.

62
Q

How does regeneration attempt to draw in new people by using different types of media?

A
  • Positive news stories and public relations during regeneration to get an area known.
  • Advertising in newspapers and online.
  • The use of logos and slogans to project an image to the outside world.
63
Q

Why have logos and slogans become especially important in a media-obsessed world?

A

Places need to catch the attention of potential visitors and investors quickly. For example, Malton in Yorkshire, is marketed as a food town.

64
Q

How have places like Liverpool, Newcastle and Sheffield been creative in order to produce a new, more attractive image?

A

Usually, this has involved:

  • Turning their industrial heritage history into a heritage asset, with museums, historic trails and public artworks celebrating past achievements.
  • Redeveloping warehouses and old industrial buildings into apartments, shops, restaurants and office space.
  • Building modern apartments and hotels on land once occupied by industry.
  • Using local art, artists and music to attract visitors.

In many of these cities canals, river-frontages and quaysides have been regenerated and turned into marinas and canals for leisure.

65
Q

Why is Liverpool a good example of a deindustrialised UK city that has regenerated and rebranded?

A

Liverpool has attempted to become a ‘destination’ for leisure, tourism, arts and culture. In 2014 Liverpool was the sixth most visited UK city by international visitors, showing that The Beatles’ heritage, in particular, has an international dimension.

66
Q

What ways has Liverpool been regenerated and rebranded?

A
Heritage
Culture & Arts
Retail
Living
Technology
67
Q

How has Liverpool been regenerated and rebranded in terms of its heritage?

A

Between 1981 and 1988 Merseyside Development Corporation (a UDC) regenerated 320 hectares of the derelict but historic Albert Docks into a maritime museum, shops and apartments.
In 2004 the historic docks and Mersey waterfront became a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

68
Q

How has Liverpool been regenerated and rebranded in terms of its culture & arts?

A

The Tate Liverpool art gallery opened in the Albert Docks in 1988 followed by ‘The Beatles Story’ museum in 1990.
In 2002 Liverpool Speake Airport was rebranded as Liverpool John Lennon Airport, stressing the connection with The Beatles.
In 2008 Liverpool was European Capital of Culture, leading to an investment of about £4 billion in arts and infrastructure.

69
Q

How has Liverpool been regenerated and rebranded in terms of its retail?

A

In 2008 the city centre was regenerated as Liverpool ONE, a £900 million shopping and leisure hub.

70
Q

How has Liverpool been regenerated and rebranded in terms of living?

A

Princes Dock has been regenerated and includes Liverpool Cruise Terminal (2007), Malmaison and Crowne Plaza hotels as well as apartments within a £5.5 billion regeneration called Liverpool Waters.

71
Q

How has Liverpool been regenerated and rebranded in terms of technology?

A

Liverpool Knowledge Quarter is a quaternary sector regeneration cluster including Science Park (2006) and Life Science Central (2013) partnered with Liverpool John Moores University.

72
Q

Which famous 1960s band has been used to rebrand Liverpool?

A

The Beatles’

73
Q

Why do rural areas in the post-production countryside have a tougher time rebranding compared to urban areas?

A

Rural areas in the post-production countryside have a tougher time rebranding compared to urban areas because of their relative isolation.

74
Q

What does the post-production countryside refer to?

A

The post-production countryside refers to rural areas that no longer make most of their income from food production and other primary sector employment like fishing, quarrying and forestry.

75
Q

Why do rural areas frequently focus on quite a narrow ‘brand’?

A

Rural areas frequently focus on quite a narrow ‘brand’ to attract a particular type of visitor to spend their money.

76
Q

How do rural areas get visitors to stay in an area for at least one night?

A

In order to achieve this:

  • There needs to be a range of accommodation options from campsites to bothies, B&Bs and expensive hotels.
  • There needs to be plenty to do and see.
77
Q

What are accessible rural areas?

A

Accessible rural areas are those within 15-30 minutes’ driving time of cities. They are often home to commuters as well as farms.

78
Q

Why do farms in accessible rural areas close to cities find diversification easy?

A

Farms in these places find diversification easy because city people will drive out into the countryside to visit a tea room, farm shop, go paint-balling, etc., on a regular basis.

79
Q

What is diversification?

A

Diversification means farms, and rural areas generally, finding new income to replace farming as the main source of income, especially in leisure and tourism.

80
Q

What are the three ways remote rural areas attract people and get them to stay?

A
  • Literary associations
  • Heritage
  • Outdoor adventure
81
Q

How do remote rural areas attract people and get them to stay by literary associations?

A

Hardy Country: novelist and poet Thomas Hardy have been used to rebrand the rolling hills of Dorset around Dorchester, Bockhampton and Stinsford. Places associated with Hardy’s life and books form a route around the region encouraging people to stay and spend.

82
Q

How do remote rural areas attract people and get them to stay by heritage?

A

Northumberland Coastal Route: stretching from Alnmouth to Berwick and including a Heritage Coast, this area (once important for fishing and coal mining) promotes its coastal castles (Warkworth, Dunstanburgh and Bamburgh) as well as the historic Lindisfarne Gospels on Holy Island. Nearly Alnwick Castle was the set for some of the Harry Potter films, attracting younger people.

83
Q

How do remote rural areas attract people and get them to stay by outdoor adventure?

A

Blaenau Ffestiniog in Wales was once an important centre for slate production. Now the abandoned state quarries and hills have become a centre for adventure and tourism including Zip World (zip wire rides) and Bounce Below (trampolining in caves), and the Antur Stiniog downhill mountain bike trails.

84
Q

Although rural regeneration can be very successful, what are the problems in the UK rural economy?

A

Rural regeneration can be very successful, but it is worth noting that at least in the UK the rural economy tends to be very seasonal and weather dependent. In addition, some outdoor activities such as walking and going on a ‘Sunday afternoon drive’ do not bring much money into the rural economy. Rural areas have to fight hard to attract people and get them to stay and spend.

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