Sharks Exam 3 Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
Are bull sharks euryhaline or stenohaline?
A
euryhaline
2
Q
What allows the bull shark to live in freshwater?
A
high ion concentration
3
Q
What controls osmoregulation?
A
kidney, gut, skin, gills and rectal gland(digitform)
They act as barrier and allow movement of water and ion
4
Q
How much nitrogen do they take in?
A
More than they need. Must excrete excess nitrogen. some as urea
5
Q
Where is nitrogen excreted?
A
kidney or gills
6
Q
How is some reabsorded?
A
active transport
7
Q
What does a build up of urea in the body do?
A
regulates osmolarity
8
Q
What problem does this create and how is it fixed?
A
it is damaging to tissue.
They manufacture and store TMAO-trimethylamineoxide, it stables protein and prevents damage.
9
Q
WHy are sharks slightly hyperosmotic?
A
They have higher urea in muscle and body TMAO
10
Q
What is hyperosmotic vs hypoosmotic?
A
hyper is higher, hypo is lower
11
Q
What does the rectal gland do?
A
Removes salt from body and dumps into lumen
12
Q
WHat is in the rectal gland?
A
chloride cells
13
Q
Where does most of the urine go?
A
accessary urinary duct
14
Q
What kind of kidney do they have?
A
opisthonephric kidney
15
Q
Where does the glomerulus lie?
A
renal capsule-fluid leaks out of the capsule
16
Q
What is the excretory duct?
A
eprinecetric duct
17
Q
Why do sharks have long tubes?
A
to have a higher concentration of urine
18
Q
What is in seamen?
A
spermatozoa and other stuff.
19
Q
What is sperm?
A
spermatozoa
20
Q
Lake Nicaguara bulls have high output of?
A
urine
21
Q
WHere is salt lost at?
A
gills-more salt than water
22
Q
What direction do chloride cells work?
A
Opposite direction-brings salt in via ATP pump
23
Q
What is different about Nicaguara bulls?
A
They have reduced rectal glands. THey don’t want to get rid of salt.
24
Q
What are marine sharks to seawater?
A
slightly hyperosmotic
25
In marine sharks, Is sodium chloride higher or lower than seawater?
lower than seawater
26
Are inorganic salts higher or lower than seawater? WHat are they?
Lower - mg, so4
| 1/3 of seawater level
27
Where does water enter the shark?
gills and food
28
WHere does water leave?
Lots of water excreted through the kidney
29
Was size is the glomerulus in marine sharks?
large
30
Where does sodium chloride enter and exit?
Enters through the gills and food
| Exits through the rectal gland
31
What is the freshwater ray in the Amazon river?
Potamytrygonidae
32
What size rectal gland do the Amazon Ray have?
small, don't concentrate urea, but excrete lots of it
33
Are the Amazon rays hyperosmotic?
yes
34
What are the gills part of?
visceral skeleton and are supported by the branchial arteries
35
Where do the afferent arteries go?
bronachial arteries go toward the gills
36
Where do the efferent arteries go?
bronchial arteries go away from the gills
37
Elasmobranchs have what kind of gills?
septal
38
What are the gills made of?
cartilage
39
How many gills slit and cartilages?
5 gills slits and 4 cartilages
40
What is a hemibranch vs holobranch?
hemibranch is one side
homobranch is both sides
4 holobranchs with one extra himeibranch
41
What is the purpose of the gill rakers?
keeps debris out of the gills, gills soft and bleed easy
42
How do Jacks kill sharks?
repeatedly hit the gills and make them bleed out
43
What are in dogfish and whale sharks spiracle?
pseudobranchs-small amount of gill tissue
44
Where does the spiracle get blood from?
efferent side an then goes to the eye, may help oxygenate the eye
45
Do lemon sharks have a spiracle?
no
46
DO ray and skates have spiracle?
large one, take in water and release it through the gill slits
47
How do white, basking and mako sharks breath?
ram ventilation, no correlation between ram ventilation and ram feeding
48
What other forms of ventilation are there?
force suction/buchal pumping ex white tip and nurse
49
Can nurse sharks tolerate hypoxia?
maybe
50
How do carribean reef sharks ventilate?
ram and force
51
What is the purpose of the secondary lamellae?
increases surface area
52
WHat does the secondary lamellae have in the epithelium?
basement membrane
53
WHat holds up the basement layer?
pilaster cells, pillar
54
How do the blood and water run?
countercurrent
55
What supplies blood to the secondary lamellae?
afferent arteriolar first to the secondary lamellae then to the efferent arteriole
56
where does the gas exchange occur?
secondary lamellae
57
WHat else occurs at the gills?
ion exchange, have special cell between secondary lamellae
58
Why do we study reproduction?
conservation, embryology and fish farming
59
What produces the eggs?
ovary-can be single or paired ovary
60
what is the additional function of the ovaries?
produce hormones
61
How many ovaries do Carcharhinus have?
one large may have vestiges of left
62
What do the eggs look like?
May be large and yolky
63
How is nutrient intake he in pups completed?
gills- some have yolk sac exchange
64
How pups do Squalus have?
dogfish have 2
65
What is the general vertebrate condition of fertilization?
Egg leaves the efferent pore in ovary. Enters coelom then goes into a single ostium via cilla uptake. Enters oviduct then into the noidamental or shell gland puts a coating or shell on the egg. Then it goes into the isthmus to the uterus to the vagine finally to cloaca.
66
Where does fertilization occur?
shell gland/noidamental or ovary duct
67
how long can FEMALE sharks store sperm?
up to a year
68
Do male sharks store sperm?
some have a sperm sac of store
69
How many testie do sharks have?
2
70
How does the white tip reef shark copulate?
bites on, rap body around and inserts clasper
71
How do big pelagic sharks copulate?
May swim belly to belly
72
Which clasper is used in copulation?
either side- which one dictates what tube is used in female
73
How do skates copulate?
May lie side to side, slow sperm transfer may last over an hour
74
What special adaptation do skates have?
Malar-cheek and alar-wings spines
may help males hold on
only males
matures males have both, develop young in life
75
Do nurse sharks block mating?
yes, display avoidance behavior by arching back and rolling
| when ready they cup pelvic fins to direct claspers
76
Where does the epigonal organ lie?
around the testies and organ
77
What function does the epigonal organ play?
produces secretions for reproduction, leucocytes and immune
78
What does the testie produce?
spermatozoa and hormones
79
What path do sperm take?
they go to efferent ductules, then epididymis, vas deferns(ductules deferens) then seminal vesicles. there are secretions along the way
80
Where does the urogenital papilla dump?
cloaca
81
What is the function of the leydig gland?
Anterior end is involved in reproduction
| posterios end is part of the kidney that produces urine
82
WHat drains kidney?
accessory urine ducts
83
Where does the clasper insert and how does it hold on?
base of the uterus
| spurs erect after insertion
84
What do claspers look like in mature males?
Hard, longer than pelvic fins
85
How do southern stingrays mate?
vent to vent
| multiple males with one female
86
How do Atlantic stingrays mate?
males have pointy nose, teeth change to sharp during seven month mating period.
sperm is stored
87
What are siphon sacs used for?
Maybe to force sperm out. Siphon sacs are filled with sea water then the water is forced out pushing sperm out in front.
Only has water during mating
88
What are pheromones?
hormones that attract males
89
Do skates and rays have a siphon sac? If not what do they have?
no, they have an alkaline gland and clasper gland
90
What does the alkaline gland produce?
proteins that cause contractions of the uterus to draw seamen in
91
What is the function of the clasper gland?
pumps secretions, chemicals, water and sperm, into clasper. may help nourish sperm
entire contents goes into female
92
Can sharks have multiple paternity?
yes, been seen in nurse and lemon
93
What is virgin birth?
In bonnethead, bamboo and black head: it is thought that the polar body may fertilize egg
Pups have been known to last for 5 yrs
94
What is viviparity vs oviparity
Viviparity-live offspring born from female
| oviparity- eggs layed by female
95
What is oviparity?
external development of offspring
| offspring hatch from egg cases
96
Who does oviparity?
skates and some sharks Ex. heterodontidae - horn, scyliorhinidae - catshark, hemisyllidae - carpetshark
97
What is the ancestrial condition?
oviparity
98
WHere does the egg case develop?
Outside the body
| use yolk reserve for food
99
What strategies start with egg?
All
100
How is a hammerhead born?
with the cephalofoil folded over
101
How do nutrients cycle in egg cases?
throuhg tiny pores in egg case
| shark beats its tail and circulates the water
102
What is aplacental viviparity?
have yolk, may uses a placental analog or trophonemata
103
What is viviparity?
live young are born once gestation is reached
| ex. rays, guitarfish, sawfish, nurse, dogfish, sand tiger, lemon, hammerhead
104
Who uses trophonemata and what are they?
Myliobatiformes- finger like extensions of the uterine
105
What is the life cycle of a nurse shark?
```
Gestation: 5-6 mo
Maturity: 10-20 yrs
Reproductive cycle: 2yrs
# of young 20-50
aplacental viviparity-nourishment is yolk egg case
```
106
What is the life cycle of a dogfish shark?
```
Gestation: 2 yr
Maturity: 12-14 yrs
Reproductive cycle: 2yrs
# of young 2-15 young
aplacental viviparity
form a candle
```
107
What is the life cycle of a sand tiger shark?
```
Gestation: 12 mo
Maturity: 6-12 yrs
Reproductive cycle: 2yrs
# of young 1-2
aplacental viviparity - ovarian cannabalism
```
108
What is ovarian cannabalism?
the first pup down eats the other unfertilized eggs has the come down
have specialized teeth, born with huge stomach and about 1 meter in legth
109
How does the trophonemata work?
embryos sit on top of finger like protrusions and absorb histotroph (uterine milk)
110
What is placental viviparity?
have yolk sac placenta
10% are
ex. hammerhead and lemon
111
What are appendiculae?
some placenta have fuzzy things on cord to absorb nutrients
112
What is the life cycle of a bonnethead?
Gestation: 4 1/2 mo
Maturity: 2-3 yrs
# of young 2-12
placental viviparity
mate in fall store sperm till spring in oviducal gland
Fertilize and have thin membrane added in oviducal gland
give birth in nursey areas
113
Where does fertilization occur?
oviducal gland
114
What is the general trend from oviparity to viviparity?
shift from oviparity to viviparity, few better developed young, many ways to nourish young
115
What are the problems with viviparity?
```
long period before maturity
long reproductive cycle
small broods
low reproductive rate
low fecundity
easily over fished
all leads to overexploitation and non-sustainable shark and ray populations
```
116
All skates are ______?
egg laying
117
What are odor plumes?
Complex, dynamic, three-dimensional structures used by many animals to locate food, mates, home sites, etc.
Composed of dispersing odor patches and vorticity eddies
118
Rheotaxis vs. Eddy Chemotaxis
```
Rheotaxis
Orientation to the large-scale flow field
Eddy chemotaxis
Tracking the trail of small-scale, odor-flavored turbulence (tracking the wake of their moving prey)
Olfaction and lateral line canals
Pinpointing the source of the plume
Olfaction and lateral line canals
Energy dissipates faster
```
119
What were the four targets?
Odor alone: odor nozzle
Odor/turbulence: brick on odor side
Seawater alone: nozzle without odor
Seawater/turbulence: brick on unflavored side
120
Was there a significant difference Intact vs. Lesioned?
Lateral Line Intact
Light conditions – success rate = 100%; search time = 70 ± 10s
Dark conditions – success rate = 100%; search time = 63 ± 14s
Lateral Line Lesioned
Light conditions – success rate = 71%; search time = 291 ± 78 s
Dark conditions – success rate = 31%; search time = 508 ± 59 s
121
What does this say about the typical food tracking behavior in M. canis?
While olfaction and turbulence play a primary role in the tracking of prey by M. canis, vision does not.
122
What odor target had the most strikes for intact?
In light odor and turbulence 18 stirkes
123
What odor target had the most strikes for intact?
in the dark odor alone 5
124
Did the presence or absence of light have any significant effect on this preference?
no
125
Based on these results, is there a difference in the target preference of M. canis with the lateral line intact vs. lesioned? In the light vs. dark?
Yes. While the odor treatment is still preferred over seawater in light conditions, there is less distinction in preference between odor alone and odor/turbulence. In the dark, there appears to be no significant preference for any one target.
126
What occurred when a shark was attracted to a source area by an odor, but then nearby an electrode was switched on bypassing the nearby odor?
The electrode mimicked a breathing flounder and the shark would strike the electrode, ignoring the odor that initially brought it to the area.
Electroreception is chosen over odor
127
What happened when sharks had a disabled lateral line?
No longer discriminated between the source of odor/turbulence and odor alone.
Increased search time
Lost precision
128
What were intact animals more attracted turbulence paired with odor or the odor alone?
Animals were more attracted to turbulence on the odor side than odor by itself.
129
Odor stimulation
Intact animals orient to mean flow of the flume
Visual information not critical
Olfaction triggers upstream swimming with info provided by lateral line
130
What did the sharks exhibit when in light and in tact?
| What happened in dark?
-Swam up stream and directly to odor plum
Majority of first strikes occurred on the source
Strikes then occurred on both targets on odor side and rarely on a target on seawater side
Pattern showed interest in target rather than first encounter
-No different than from in light
Showed vision is not needed
131
What happened when lesioned in light?
| What happened in dark?
-Displayed same search behavior but swam closer to bottom
-Few could locate source
Ran accidently into source
Frantic and erratic behavior
Most were unsuccessful
Motivated to find plum but was unable to find
