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A Level Bio > Sharon > Flashcards

Sharon Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an organelle

A

A smaller organ which is a component within a cell

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2
Q

What are prokaryotic cells

A

Bacterial cells with no organelles surrounded by membranes

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3
Q

What are eukaryotic cells

A

They have a true nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

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4
Q

Examples of eukaryotic cells

A

Animal
Plant
Fungi
Algae

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5
Q

Where is the cell surface membrane found

A

The outside of a cell

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6
Q

Function of cell surface membrane

A

Control the passage of substances in and out of the cell

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7
Q

What is a plasma membrane made of

A

Lipids (phospholipid bilayer) and proteins

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8
Q

Cell surface membrane can create a

A

Compartment within a cell

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9
Q

Why do cell surface membrane have receptors on it

A

Cell communication

Eg forming tissues from cells

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10
Q

How big is the nucleus

A

10-20 micrometers

Largest cell organelle

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11
Q

What is the nucleus enclosed by

A

A nuclear envelope

Which is 2 membranes containing nuclear pores

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12
Q

What are nuclear pores

A

They allow the movement of larger molecules out the nucleus

Eg rRNA

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13
Q

What is nucleoplasm

A

Glandular material that makes up the bulk of the nucleus

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14
Q

Does the nucleus contain Chromosomes

A

Yeah

Consisting of protein bound, linear DNA, molecule of inheritance

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15
Q

What Is nucleoli

A

The nucleus contains 1 or more

They manufacture ribosomal RNA and assemble ribosomes

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16
Q

What does the nucleus contain

A 
Nuclear envelope
Nuclear pores
Nucleoplasm
Chromosomes
Nucleoli
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17
Q

Function of nucleus

A 
Control cell activities through 
Proteinsynthesis
DNA replication
Cell division
Manufacturer of rRNA and ribosomes
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18
Q

Cell surface membrane contains

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Compartment
Receptor molecules

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19
Q

What Is endoplasmic reticulum

A

A network of flattened, membrane bound, fluid filled tubes called cisterane, in the cytoplasm

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20
Q

Does rough endoplasmic reticulum have ribosomes present on its surface

A

Yeah

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21
Q

What does RER do

A

Collects, foods, stores and transports materials

Eg proteins that are made on ribosomes

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22
Q

Feature of RER

A

Large SA for protein synthesis

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23
Q

Link between RER and nuclear envelope

A

RER is continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope

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24
Q

Does smooth endoplasmic reticulum have ribosomes present on its surface

A

No

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25
How is SER found in the cytoplasm
In small patches
26
What is the SER
Site of lipid synthesis | Storage and transport
27
What molecules are ribosomes made from
rRNA | Protein
28
Where are ribosomes found
On RER or free in cytoplasm
29
Are ribosomes surrounded by a membrane
No
30
What do ribosomes do
Responsible for the synthesis of protein from amino acids | They are small but plentiful
31
What are the two types of ribosomes and where are they found
80s - Eukaryotic (larger) | 70s - Prokaryoric (smaller)
32
What size are mitochondria
1 - 10 micrometres
33
What is mitochondrias function
The site of aerobic respiration producing ATP, a source of energy for cells activities
34
Is mitochondria surrounded by a membrane
Yeah | A double membrane
35
What does the outer membrane on mitochondria do
Control entry/ exit of materials
36
What does the inner membrane on mitochondria do
Folds to form cristae Cristae has a large SA for enzyme and protein attatchment (electron transfer chain) which helps create more ATP synthase for respiration
37
Mitochondria controls a matrix containing
70s ribosomes Circular DNA Phosphate granules All of which allow protein production
38
Many enzymes are involved in respiration and the number in a cell depends on
It’s metabolic activity
39
How big is a Golgi apparatus
It varies
40
What is a Golgi apparatus
A stack of membrane bound, fluid filled, flattened sacks found feee in the cytoplasm
41
Where is the Golgi apparatus developed
It is well developed in secretory cells | Eg epithelial cells in small intestine
42
What are Golgi vesicles
They are continuously formed at one end of the Golgi apparatus and ‘budded’ off as vesicles at the other
43
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus
Transports and chemically modifies cell materials (proteins and lipids) Often enclosed them in vesicles to be secreted Eg adds carbohydrates to proteins to make glycoproteins
44
A Golgi vesicle and cell surface membrane both have liquid content so
A vesicle can merge onto the cell surface membrane and release its contents Aka exocytosis
45
Does the Golgi apparatus form lysosomes
Yeah
46
How big are lysosomes
Smaller than ribosomes
47
What are lysosomes
Spherical sac bound by a single plasma membrane | Formed by Golgi apparatus
48
Why do lysosomes appear dense in images
They are packed full of enzymes (proteins)
49
What are hydrolytic enzymes
They are inside lysosomes and are called lysozymes
50
What do hydrolytic enzymes do
They digest unwanted structures (worn out organelles) inside and outside the cell Break down cell after death (autolysis)
51
Which enzymes form lysozymes in the Golgi apparatus
Those enzymes that form in the RER
52
Are prokaryotic cells bigger than eukaryotic cells
No | They’re smaller
53
Example of prokaryotic cells
Bacterial cells
54
Bacteria cells contain
No membrane bound organelles in cytoplasm 70s ribosomes No nucleus (only 1 DNA molecule that is free in Cytoplasm and unassociated with proteins) Cell wall contains murein (glycoprotein)
55
ALL prokaryotic cells contain
70s ribosomes 1 single dna molecule Murein cell wall
56
Only some prokaryotic cells contain
A flagellum A capsule surrounding the cell A plasmid
57
Why do some prokaryotic cells have a flagellum
For movement
58
Why do some prokaryotic cells contain a capsule surrounding the cell
It is slimy and so is protective | It can also stick to different structures
59
Why do some prokaryotic cells contain a plasmid
It’s small circular DNA containing a few genes
60
Which cells can a cell wall be found in
Plants Algae Fungi
61
Which cell can chloroplasts be found in
Plants | Algae
62
Which cells can a permanent cell vacuole be found in
Plants
63
What is fungis cell wall made of
Chitin
64
A cellulose cell wall is found in which cells
Plant | Algae
65
Structure of cellulose cell wall
Cellulose fibres are strong and embedded in a matrix | A thin layer, the middle lamella, cements adjacent cells together
66
What is the function of a cellulose cell wall
Provide mechanical strength in order to prevent the cell bursting when under pressure due to water entering via osmosis causing expansion
67
How can water pass in a cellulose cell wall
Because of gaps between fibres in the cell wall
68
The cellulose cell wall is
Flexible and turgid
69
What is a permanent cell vacuole
A membrane bound, fluid filled sac, found in plants
70
What is the surrounding membrane of a permanent cell vacuole called
A tonoplast | It is selective
71
The vacuole contains cell sap | What does cell sap consist of
``` Sugars Mineral salts Amino acids Wastes Pigments (sometimes) ```
72
If the cell vacuole of a plant is full of cell sap
It will be sturdy
73
If the cell vacuole of a plant has less cell sap
It will be flacid
74
3 functions of a permanent cell vacuole
Supports herbaceous plants by making cells turgid Sugars/amino acids can be temp food store Colour from pigments attract pollinating insects
75
Where are leaf palisade cells found
Below epidermis | Near the top of the leaf
76
Function of leaf palisade cells
Maximise light absorbancy | Increase rate of photosynthesis
77
Features/adaptations of palisade cells
Large num of chloroplasts Maximise light absorbancy Chloroplasts can move Long thin cells Large vacuole/thin cytoplasm

A Level Bio (3 decks)

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