sheep, goats, and cattle II

Question 1

Other names for Bacillus anthracis

Answer 1

”Woolsorter’s disease”, “splenic fever”, “charbon”, “milzbrand”

Question 2

C/S of anthrax

Answer 2

hyperthermia, anorexia, depression, listlessness, tremors, peracute deaths and hemorrhage
Bloody secretions in urine, feces, milk
Usually fatal within 1-3 days, esp in sheep and goats, but subacute/chronic state may occur

Question 3

C/S of brucellosis in sheep

Answer 3

B. melitensis in ewes: usually self-limiting; 3rd trimester abortions
B. melitensis in rams: orchitis or pneumonia
B. ovis in sheep: epididymitis, testicular atrophy; rarely, abortion

Question 4

C/S of brucellosis in goats

Answer 4

B. melitensis: 3rd trimester abortions; systemic disease can occur
B. abortus: rare, but can be transmitted if in close contact with cattle

Question 5

C/S of brucellosis in cattle

Answer 5

B. abortus: abortions with retained placenta after the 5th month; orchitis, epididymitis; lameness may occur

Question 6

Why are ruminants particularly susceptible to brucellosis

Answer 6

Higher levels of erythritol (sugar alcohol), esp in placenta and male genitalia

Question 7

Which brucella spp are zoonotic?

Answer 7

B. abortus and B. melitensis (not B ovis)

Question 8

Most important cause of ovine abortion in the US

Answer 8

Campylobacter

Question 9

Dx of campy

Answer 9

Gull wing rods

Question 10

C/S of Clostridium perfringens

Answer 10

Diarrhea

Question 11

C. perfringens releases what type of toxin

Answer 11

Epsilon toxin

Question 12

What are pathognomonic in acute cases of C. perfringens type D?

Answer 12

Hyperglycemia and glucosuria

Question 13

Pathogenesis of C. perfringens

Answer 13

epsilon toxin causes neuronal death and shock through vascular damage and increasing gut permeability

Question 14

Lesions of C. perfringens

Answer 14

subendocardial hemorrhage, pericardial effusion, plus extremely necrotic, soft kidneys (not always); goats tend to have more GI lesions rather than systemic (like sheep)

Question 15

Pathogenesis of tetanus

Answer 15

exotoxin is a multiunit protein consisting of tetanospasmin (neurotoxic) and tetanolysin (hemolytic)
Toxin diffuses retrograde through motor neurons; inhibits release of glycine and GABA (blocks inhibitory neurons)

Question 16

Which two organisms cause foot rot

Answer 16

Dichelobacter nodosus, Fusobacterium necrophorum

Question 17

3 forms of Listeria in ruminants

Answer 17

1. Encephalitis – most common form in ruminants
   Can affect cranial nerves
   Rapid death often occurs
2. Placentitis with abortion – usually results in late-gestation abortion; adult female may be asymptomatic
3. Septicemia with hepatitis and pneumonia – may occur in neonatal lambs

Question 18

Lesions in Listeriosis

Answer 18

microabscesses of midbrain are characteristic with encephalitic form
Septicemic form: microabscesses throughout viscera

Question 19

Which Mycobacterium spp do sheep, goats, and cattle get?

Answer 19

Cattle TB: M. bovis
Sheep TB: M. bovis or M. avium
Goat TB: M. bovis, M. avium, or M. tuberculosis

Question 20

c/s of mycobacteriosis

Answer 20

primary sites of infection are respiratory (M. bovis) or GI (M. avium) systems; weight loss is common

Question 21

Q fever c/s

Answer 21

usually asymptomatic in ruminants; abortion, stillbirth, endometritis, mastitis, infertility and weak lambs can occur

Question 22

Transmission of Q fever

Answer 22

very stable in the environment; free-living or arthropod cycle; especially concentrated in placental tissues; shed in milk, urine, feces, and oronasal secretions
Multiple spp of ticks are reservoirs

Question 23

Zoonotic transmission of Q fever

Answer 23

Most common mode of transmission in humans is inhalation of infectious aerosols directly from birth fluids of infected animals or via inhalation of dust contaminated with dried birth fluids or excreta
Greatest concern in pregnant and immune-compromised humans
A single organism can cause disease

Question 24

What kind of virus is Jaagsiekte (pulmonary adenomatosis)

Answer 24

RNA retrovirus

Question 25

Lesions found in Jaagsiekte

Answer 25

small adenomas/adenocarcinomas throughout the lungs

Question 26

Pathogenesis of Jaagsiekte

Answer 26

histologic changes caused by uncontrolled proliferation of type II pneumonocytes

Question 27

Another name for Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP), what kind of virus

Answer 27

RNA retrovirus. Maedi Visna

Question 28

Lesions and c/s of Maedi Visna

Answer 28

pulmonary adhesions, ventral lung consolidation; mastitis; degenerative arthritis; meningeal edema, leukoencephalomalacia weak, unthrifty, weight loss, dyspnea, tachypnea, pneumonia; ataxia, tremors, paresis; mastitis common

Question 29

Most important viral dz of goats

Answer 29

CAE (Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus)

Question 30

What kind of virus is CAEV

Answer 30

retrovirus

Question 31

C/S of CAE

Answer 31

Most commonly: progressive arthritis in goats > 6 months old- swollen, painful carpal joints; pneumonia may occur in older animals; “hard udder” syndrome Also causes neuro signs in kids 2-6 months old: unilateral weakness progressing to hemi- or tetraplegia (lower motor neuron disease); head tilt, blindness

Question 32

Lesions of CAE

Answer 32

severe synovial hyperplasia with inflammatory cell infiltration; demyelination and inflammation in brain/spinal cord; lungs gray and do not collapse

Question 33

What kind of virus causes Pseudorabies

Answer 33

Suid herpesvirus-1

Question 34

C/S pseudorabies

Answer 34

: rapid course, usually fatal Intense pruritis, alopecia, swelling, abrasions Neurological signs: stamping, head-pressing, circling, CP deficits, nystagmus, strabismus, progresses to coma and death

Question 35

Is pseudorabies reportable?

Answer 35

Yes

Question 36

What virus causes Orf?

Answer 36

Poxvirus

Question 37

Orf is most commonly seen where?

Answer 37

Commissures of mouth

Question 38

How to prevent BSE

Answer 38

Don't feed ruminant protein to ruminants

Question 39

Which breed of sheep is esp susceptible to scrapie?

Answer 39

Suffolk

Question 40

BSE c/s

Answer 40

hyperesthesia, nervousness, difficulty negotiating obstacles, reluctance to be milked, ataxia, and tremors, weight loss, decreased milk production; terminal state by 3 months after onset

Question 41

Which animals most affected by Crypto

Answer 41

Young calves

Question 42

Most important intestinal parasite of small ruminants

Answer 42

Haemonchus

Question 43

C/S of Haemonchus infection

Answer 43

anemia, weight loss, decreased milk production, poor wool growth, “bottle jaw” due to hypoproteinemia

Question 44

When does shedding of Haemonchus increase?

Answer 44

During parturition (spring rise)

Question 45

PPP for esophagostomum

Answer 45

6 weeks

Question 46

c/s of esophagostomum infection

Answer 46

Penetrate large intestinal mucosa, occasionally deeper areas near serosa Inflammation results in caseous nodules that eventually mineralize

Question 47

3 types of lungworms

Answer 47

Dictyocaulus, Protostrongylus, Muellerius

Question 48

Which lungworm has a direct life cycle?

Answer 48

Dictyocaulus

Question 49

Which lungworm has an indirect life cycle?

Answer 49

Protostrongylus, Muellarius (require snail intermediate host)

Question 50

Which is the only lungworm in cattle?

Answer 50

Dictyocaulus

Question 51

Which cestode has triangular eggs

Answer 51

Monensia

Question 52

Fringed tapeworm

Answer 52

Thysanoma actinoides

Question 53

Which louse is intermediate host of Thysanoma?

Answer 53

Psocid louse

Question 54

Cysticercosis occurs due to larval form of which worm?

Answer 54

Dog tapeworm (taenia hydatigena and echinococcus granulosis)

Question 55

Intermediate host of trematodes

Answer 55

Snails

Question 56

Which mites are reportable? (3)

Answer 56

Sarcoptes, Psoroptes, Psorergates

Question 57

Which 2 lice can affect ruminants?

Answer 57

Mallophagia, Anaplura

Question 58

2 ticks seen in ruminants

Answer 58

Ixodidae (hard shell), Argasidae (soft shell)

Question 59

Nasal bots are caused by which organism

Answer 59

Oestrus ovis

Question 60

Screwworm g/s

Answer 60

Cochliomyia hominivorax

Question 61

Sheep ked g/s

Answer 61

Melophagus ovinus

Question 62

B-mannosidosis of goats manifests how?

Answer 62

Carpal flexion and pastern hyperextension; deafness with many musculoskeletal deformities

Question 63

What is spider leg syndrome, and in which sheep breeds do you see it?

Answer 63

Hereditary chondrodysplasia, primarily in Suffolk and Hampshires

Question 64

Which side is abomasum most commonly displaced?

Answer 64

L

Question 65

What is frothy bloat caused by?

Answer 65

ingestion of green legumes and leguminous hay or grain

Question 66

What does copper deficiency in pregnant ewes cause?

Answer 66

Enzootic ataxia

Question 67

What copper toxicity cause?

Answer 67

Acute hemolytic anemia

Question 68

What does thiamin deficiency cuase?

Answer 68

Polioencephalomalacia