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1
Q

peptidoglycan

A

gives rigid support, protects against osmotic pressure, sugar backbone with peptide side chains cross-linked by transpeptidase

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2
Q

cell wall/cell membrane (gram +)

A

major surface antigen-> peptidoglycan for support, Lipoteichoic acid, induces TNF and IL-1

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3
Q

outer membrane of gram negative

A

site of endotoxin, (LPS), major surface antigen
lipid A induces TNF and IL-1
O polysaccharide is the antigen

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4
Q

plasma membrane

A

site of oxidation and transport enzymes

lipoprotein bilayer

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5
Q

ribosome

A

protein synthesis

50S and 30S subunit

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6
Q

periplasm

A

space between the cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria
-contains many hydrolytic enzyme-> including beta-lactamases

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7
Q

capsule

A

protects against phagocytosis

made of polysaccharide (except B. anthracis, D-glutamate)

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8
Q

Pilus/fimbria

A

mediate adherence of bacteria to cell surface sex pilus forms attachment between 2 bacteria during conjugation
- made of glycoprotein

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9
Q

flagellum

A

Motility

-made of protein

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10
Q

spore

A

resistant to dehydration, heat, and chemicals

-made of keratin like coat, dipicolinic acid, peptidoglycan

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11
Q

plasmid

A

contains a variety of genes for antibiotic resistance, enzyme and toxin
-made of DNA

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12
Q

glycocalyx

A

mediates adherence to surface, especially foreign surface (indwelling catheters)
-polysaccharide

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13
Q

unique to gram positive?

A 
lipoteichoic acid (lipids and teichoic acid combination)
-capsule, thick layer of peptidoglycan, cytoplasmic membrane
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14
Q

unique to gram negative?

A

endotoxin/LPS

-capsule, endotoxin/LPS, thin layer peptidoglycan, periplasm, cytoplasmic membrane

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15
Q

circular (coccus) gram positives?

A

Staph, Strep

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16
Q

circular (coccus) gram negatives?

A

Neisseria

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17
Q

rod (bacillus) gram positives?

A

clostridium, corynebacterium, bacillus, listeria, mycobacterium (acid fast), gardnerella (gram variable)

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18
Q

rod (bacillus) gram negatives?

A

enterics: E. cloi, shigella, salmonella, yersinia, Klebsiella, enterobacter, proteus, serratia, vibrio, campylobacter, helicobacter, pseudomonas, bacteroids
respiratory: haemophilus (pleomorphic), legionella (silver), bordetella
zoonotic: francisella, brucella, pasteurella, bartonella

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19
Q

branching filamentous (G+)

A

actinomyces, norcardia (weakly acid fast)

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20
Q

pleomorphic (G-)

A

rickettsiae (Giemsa), chlamydiae (Giemsa)

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21
Q

spiral (G-)

A

spirochetes: leptospira, borrelia (giemsa), treponema

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22
Q

no cell wall

A

mycoplasma (does NOT gram stain)

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23
Q

mycoplasma unusual cell wall

A

contain sterols, NO CELL WALL

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24
Q

mycobacteria cell wall

A

contain mycolic acid, high lipid content

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25
bugs that dont stain
These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color T: Treponema (too thin) R: Rickettsia (intracellular parasite) M: mycobacteria (high lipid content in cell wall detected by carbolfuchsin in acid fast stain) M: Mycoplasma (no cell wall) L: legionella pneumophila (primarily intracellular, silver stain) C: chlamydia (intracellular parasite, lacks muramic acid in cell wall)
26
stains: Giemsa
``` Certain Bugs Really Try my Patience C: Chlamydia B: borrelia R: rickettsiae T: trypanosomes P: plasmodium ```
27
stain: PAS (periodic acid schiff)
PASs the sugar | stains glycogen, mucopolysaccharides, used to diagnose Whipple disease (tropheryma whipplei)
28
stain: Ziehl-Neelsen (carbol fuchsin)
acid-fast organism | -Nocardia, Mycobacterium
29
stain: India Ink
Cryptococcus neoformans (mucicarmine can also be sued to stain thick polysaccharide capsule red)
30
silver stain
Fungi (pneumocystis), legionella, helicobacter pylori
31
Special culture for H. influenza
Chocolate agar with factor V (NAD+) and X (hematin)
32
Special culture for N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis
Thayer Martin, or VPN media - VPN: Vancomycin (inhibits G+ organisms), Polymyxin (inhibits G- expect neisseria) and Nystatin (inhibits fungi) - to connect to Neisseria, please use your VPN client
33
Special culture for B. pertussis
Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar | Bordet for Bordetella
34
Special culture for C. diptheriae
Tellurite plate, Loffler's media
35
M. tuberculosis culture req
Lowenstein-jensen agar
36
M. pneumoniae culture req
eaton's agar
37
lactose fermenting enterics culture req
pink colonies on MacConkey's agar | E. coli grown on eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar as colonies with green metallic sheen
38
Legionella culture req
Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cysteine and iron
39
fungi culture req
Sabouraud's agar | Sab's a fun guy!
40
obligate aerobes
``` Use an O2-dependent system to generate ATP Nagging Pests Must Breathe N: Nocardia P: pseudomonas M: M. tuberculosis B: bacillus ```
41
obligate aerobe, clinical
- P. aeruginosa ia na erobe seen in burn wounds, complications of diabetes, nosocomial pneumonia, and pneumonia in cystic fibrosis patients - M tuberculosis reactivation has a predilection for apices of the lung, which have the highest PO2
42
obligate anaerobes
anaerobes Cant Breath Air C: clostridium B: bacteroides A: actinomyces -lack catalse and or superoxide dismutase and are thus susceptible to oxidative damage -Normal flora in GI tract -Aminoglycosides (antibiotic) useless against anaerobes
43
Obligate intracellular
``` stay inside (cell) when its Really Cold -Richettsia, Chlamydia, can't make own ATP ```
44
Facultative intracellular
``` Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY S: salmonella N: neisseria B: brucella M: mycobacterium L: listeria F: francisella L:legionella Y: yersinis pestis ```
45
encapsulated bacteria
Positive quellung rxn, Quellung= capsular SWELLING SHiNE SKis Strep pneumoniae, H. influenza type B, Neisseria meningitidis, E. coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and group B strep -capsules serve as an anti-phagocytic virulence factor
46
catalase-positive organisms
you need PLACESS for your CATs - degrades H2O2 before it can be converted to microbicidal products by the enzyme myeloperoxidase products by the enzyme myeloperoxidase - Pseudomonas, Listeria, Aspergillus, Candida, E. Coli, S. aerueus, Serratia
47
Vaccines
pneumovax (polysaccharide vaccine with no conjugated protein) Prevnar (conjugated vaccine) -H. influenza type B (conjugated vaccine) -Meningococcal vaccines (conjugated vaccines)
48
urease-positive bugs
CHuck norris hates PUNKSS | -cryptococcus, H. pylori, proteus, Ureaplasma, Nocardia, Klebsiella, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus
49
Pigment producing bacteria: Actinomyces
actinomyces israelii-> yellow sulfur granules, composed of filamentous bacteria Israel has yellow sand
50
Pigment producing bacteria: Staph
Staph. aureus-> yellow pigment (aureus is Latin for gold)
51
Pigment producing bacteria: Pseudomonas
P. aeruginosa-> blue green pigment (aerugula is green)
52
Pigment producing bacteria: Serratia
serratia marcescens-> red pigment (red maraschino cherries)
53
Bacterial virulence factors: Protein A
binds Fc regions of Ig-> prevents opsonization and phagocytosis -S. aurerus
54
Bacterial virulence factors: IgA protease
Enzyme that cleaves IgA (SHiN) in order to colonize respiratory mucosa S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae type B, Neisseria
55
Bacterial virulence factors: M protein
helps prevent phagocytosis | -group A Strep
56
Exotoxin properties
source: certain species of some G+ and G- bacteria secreted: yes made of: polypeptide location of genes: plasmid or bacteriophage toxicity: high clinical effects: various mode of action: various antigenicity: induces high titer antibodies called antitoxin vaccines: toxoids used as vaccines heat stability: destroyed rapidly at 60 degrees C typical diseases: tetanus, botulism, diphtheria
57
endotoxin properties
source: outer cell membrane of most G- bacteria secreted: No made of: Lipopolysaccharide location of genes: bacteria chromosome toxicity: Low clinical effects: fever, shock mode of action: induces TNF and IL-1 antigenicity: poorly antigenic vaccines: none heat stability: stable at 100 degrees C for 1 hour typical diseases: Meningococcemia, sepsis by gram(-) rods
58
bugs with exotoxins: that inhibit protein synthesis
- C. diphtheriae-> toxin, Inactivate EF-2 - Pseudomonas aeruginosa-> exotosin A, Inactivate EF-2 - Shigella spp.-> shigella toxin, inactivate 60s ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA - Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli (EHEC) )157:H7 stain-> Shigella like toxin, inactivate 60s ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA
59
bugs with exotoxins: that increase fluid secretion
- ETEC: Heat-liable toxin-> increases cAMP-> increases Cl- secretion in gut-> watery diarrhea (liable in Air) - ETEC: heat-stable toxin-> increases cGMP-> decreases reabsorption of NaCl and H20 in gut-> watery diarrhea (stable on Ground) - Bacillus anthracis: Edema factor (increase cAMP) - Cholera toxin: increase cAMP by permanently activating Gs-> increases Cl- secretion-> rice water stools
60
bugs with exotoxins: inhibit phagocytic ability
Bordetella pertussis: Pertussis toxin-> increases cAMP by disabling Gi, impaires phagocytosis to permit microbe survivial-> whooping cough
61
bugs with exotoxins: inhibit release of NT
- Clostridium tetani: Tetanospasmin-> cleaves SNARE protein-> muscle rigidity, lock jaw, prevents inhibitory (GABA) NT release in spinal cord - Clostridium botulinum: Botulinum toxin->cleaves SNARE protein, flaccid paralysis, floppy baby, prevents release of stimulatory signals to NMJ
62
bugs with exotoxins: lyse cell membrane
- Clostridium perfingens: alpha toxin-> phospholipase that degrades tissue and cell membrane-> gas gangrene and hemolysis (double zone of hemolysis on blood agar) - Strep. pyogens: streptolysin O-> degrades cell membrane-> Lyses RBC, beta-hemolytic, host host antibodies against toxin used to diagnose rheumatic fever
63
bugs with exotoxins: superantigen
- S. aureus: toxic shock syndrome toxin-> bring MHC II and TCR in proximity to outside of antigen binding site to cause overwhelming release of IFN-gamma and IL-2-> toxic shock syndrome - also food poisining, enterotoxin , exfoliative toxin - S. pyogens: Exotoxin A-> bring MHC II and TCR in proximity to outside of antigen binding site to cause overwhelming release of IFN-gamma and IL-2-> toxic shock syndrome
64
characteristics of endotoxin (Lipid A)
``` ENDOTOXIN: Edema-> from activating complement, C3a Nitric oxide-> from activated macrophages DIC/DEATH-> activated tissue factor Outer membrane TNF-alpha-> activated M, fever, hypotension O-antigen eXtremely heat stable IL-1-> activated M, causes fever Neutrophil chemotaxis-> C5a ```
65
bacterial growth curve: Lag phase
metabolic activity without division
66
bacterial growth curve: exponential/log phase
rapid cell division, penicillins and cephalosporins act here as peptidoglycan is being made
67
bacterial growth curve: stationary phase
nutrient depletion slows growth | -spore formation in some bacteria
68
bacterial growth curve: death
prolonged nutrient depletion and buildup of waste products lead to death
69
bacterial genetics: transformation
ability to take u naked DNA from environment (SHiN)

Microbiology (7 decks)

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