shit you don't know Flashcards
(208 cards)
1
Q
Ka*Kb=
A
10^-14
2
Q
what is water capable of doing
A
autoionization therefore in equilibrium ka= kw (10^-14)
3
Q
pH is the logarithm of the hydronium ions
A
pH= -log(H3O+)
4
Q
red litmus paper turns what color when it is in contact with base
A
blue
5
Q
buffers can be
A
a weak acid with its conjugate base
a weak base with its conjugate acid
6
Q
weak acids
A
HF, CH3COOH (acetic acid), HCN, HNO2, H2CO3, H2SO3, H3PO4, (COOH)2
7
Q
weak base
A
ammonium NH3, hypochlorite ion, carbonate ion, hydrosulfide ion, methylamine, hydroxylamine, pyridine
8
Q
how do buffers work
A
when a strong acid is added the base neutralizes the H3O+ ions
when a strong base is added the acid neutralizes the OH- ions
9
Q
what is needed for a buffer to be the most effective
A
the number of moles of the weak acid and its conjugate base must be large and vice versa compared to the strong acid or base that is being added
10
Q
buffer that maintains the blood pH
A
H2CO3+H2O–> HCO3-+H30+
11
Q
pH of the blood is maintained around
A
7.4
12
Q
what happens if the pH goes any lower than 6.8 or above 7.8
A
our cells will begin to denature
13
Q
Ka is the
A
acid ionization constant or acid dissociation constant
14
Q
Ka»>1 is a
A
strong acid because you will more readily ionize therefore there will be more products versus the reactants
15
Q
stronger acid makes for a
A
weaker conjugate base
16
Q
ka«<1 is a
A
weak acid
17
Q
water is amphoteric therefore it can
A
act as an acid or a base
18
Q
Kw is the
A
autoionization constant
19
Q
autoionization of water equation
A
[H3O+][OH-]. you ignore the starting water because it is pure water
20
Q
concentration of hydronium and hydroxide in water at standard temp
A
1*10^-7
21
Q
you have such low concentration of ions in autoionization because
A
it is equal to 1*10^-14 making the ka very very small
22
Q
ph=
A
-log(H3O+)
23
Q
scientific notation if you have positive integer
A
move to the right
24
Q
Scientific notation if you have negative integer
A
move to the left
25
HF is what kind of acid
a weak acid because it binds strongly to the Flourine atom therefore it is less likely to give up its hydrogen
26
HI is the strongest
acid in the halogen group then follows HBr then HCl
27
strong acids
HClO4, HX(Br, I, Cl), H2SO4, HNO3
28
strong bases
NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Mg(OH)2
29
when you lose a leaving group you want it to
be stabilized by electron donating groups
30
lower the pka the
stronger acid
31
ammonia is a
weak base
32
ammonium ion
NH4+ is an acid
33
pka+ pkb=
14
34
salts from a strong acid and a strong base forms what kind of solution
a neutral solution
35
salt with a weak acid and strong base will form
basic solutions that are greater than 7
36
salt with strong acid and weak base
will give you an acidic solution
37
common ion effect if you add an acetate ion then
this will increase the amount of acetate ion and therefore will increase in the opposite direction and increase the pH because less H3O is being formed
38
what equation do you use for buffer calculations
henderson- hasselbach
39
log 1=
0
40
the three component weberian theory
with class, power, and status all being important wealth power prestige influence the way in which people treat one another
41
substance use is a diagnostic criterion of
Bipolar disorder
42
personality disorders are seen as
relatively stable over an individuals life
43
number of births per 1000 is
birth rate
44
fertility rate is
number of children per woman
45
social capital
is the value embedded in social networks which includes connections, job leads, the availability to aid in a crisis and so forth
46
Cultural capital
encompasses non-financial factors that lead to social mobility, such as knowledge of styles and manners of speech, appearance, and charisma. It does not include the value of social networks, though having strong social networks can help in acquiring it
47
false consensus
means that people tend to overestimate how common their behavior is and assume that others do the same thing that they do
48
self-serving bias
is a tendency to make attributions that protect our self-esteem
49
fundamental attribution error
is the tendency for people to attribute the behavior of others to internal, stable, underlying personality traits
50
actor-observer bias
is the tendency to attribute our own behaviors externally while attributing others' behaviors internally
51
anomie
describes the breakdown in social bonds in modern society which is the result of the social norms and reciprocity
52
external validity
involve application of the study to outside situations
53
transtheoretical change model
describes the different stages a person goes through when making decisions. pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance
54
client centered therapy
emphasizes collaboration between practioner and client and the client relationship
55
dialectical-behavioral therapy
emphasizes regulation of affect and interpersonal effectiveness
56
how long does short term memory last
15-30 seconds unless it is actively rehearsed
57
Bipolar I
has severe manic states while bipolar II does not
58
normative conformity
describes a situation in which a person does something to fit in or be liked
59
identification
is when a person changes the way they act to fill a social role
60
compliance
when a person publicly agrees but privately does not
61
anterograde amnesia
refers to when a person loses the ability to create memories after the event that caused the amnesia
62
retrograde amnesia
is the inability to recall past memories. happened before an event
63
pareidola
The psychological phenomenon that causes some people to see or hear a vague or random image or sound as something significant
64
abasia
is the inability to walk possibly due to some psychological shock or trauma
65
parapraxis
is a slip of the tongue that might reveal something that is actually desired
66
mediating factor
explains between one factor and another
67
meta-cognition
involves being able to think about thinking and enables an individual to observe his own processes to learn from them
68
primary prevention
refers to prevention of a disease or problem area before any signs, symptoms, or risk behaviors have developed
69
secondary prevention
when there is already a present illness or problem that needs to be prevented
70
tertiary prevention
is prevention of a disease from getting any worse
71
social facilitation
the tendency to perform better when there is a group watching you(if you are good at the task)
72
false consciousness
refers to internalizing oppressive narratives regarding unjust social structures
73
strain theory
posists that when people are prevented from achieving through culturally approved through institutional means they experience strain that can lead to deviance. retreativist retreat when their behavior is unacceptable (alcoholism or drug addiction)
74
informal social control
relies on social values exercised implicitly by a society through particular customs, norms and mores
75
formal social control
include laws, rules, ethics, or conduct
76
informal norms
are not in the law but followed by certain groups of people while formal norms are codified in the law
77
moderating variable
explains the strength between two variables
78
mediating variable
explains why there is a relationship between the two variables
79
residual poverty
is poverty over generations, chronic and multigenerational
80
marginal poverty happens when
someone is chronically unemployed or underemployed
81
what influences the way we express emotion
gender and culture
82
the general soluble particles
CASH-N-GIA= Chlorates, acetates, sulfates, halides (not flouride), Nitrates, Group 1, Ammonium
83
exceptions to soluble compounds
HAPpy(mercury, silver, lead) and CBS(Group II metals, Calcium, barium, strontium)
84
Meissners corpuscles
Transmit sensory impulses associated with light touch
85
Merkel discs
Sense deep pressure texture and not light touch
86
Free nerve endings
Respond to pain and temperature
87
Vestibular system
Balance is controlled
88
Proprioception
Is the ability to orient ourselves and locate our own body parts in space
89
Principle of proximity
Objects that appear close together in space will be grouped together
90
Principle of good continuation
Explains that we tend to perceive two or more objects as separate even when they intersect
91
Binocular cues
Allow us to obtain information regarding the depth of an object
92
Stage 2 sleep is characterized as
Diminishing theta waves and the appearance of k complexes ( larger amplitudes) sleep spindles (sporadic clumps of high-frequency medium-amplitude waves)
93
R.E.M. Sleep is characterized by
An increase in electrooculograms the presence of beta waves, increased heart rate and increased respiratory activity
94
Treismans attenuation model
Proposes that we turn down or attenuate the intensity of less important stimuli to focus on another task
95
Broad bent model
Some distracting stimuli are selectively filtered out at a bottleneck preventing them from ever reaching the subjects higher level processing
S
96
Memorized tasks utilize what type of processing
Automatic
97
Having to learn a new tasks requires what type of processing
Controlled processing
98
Ideal gas assumptions
Molecules are so small that they take up no volume
Molecules of a gas are in constant motion and have elastic collisions
Molecules of a gas experience no intermolecular forces
The average kinetic energy of molecules is directly proportional to the absolute temp
99
1cm^3 is equal to how many ml
1
100
Pascal is equal to
Force/unit area =N/m^2
101
When are there deviations in ideal gas behavior
At low temps and high pressure
102
Real gas vs ideal gas pressure
Pressure real < p ideal
103
At high pressures volume occupied by each gas particle becomes a greater proportion of the gas sample and therefore ideal vs real gas volume is
Ideal > real
104
the nativist theory of language acquisition
language acquisition is acquired through an innate biological mechanism and includes the critical period in which only certain things of language can be acquired
105
3 components of our emotions
physiological, cognitive and behavioral
106
primary appraisal of stress
is recognizing the stress and the environment surrounding it. the person analyzes the potential stressor along with the surrounding environment to determine whether it represents a threat
107
secondary appraisal of stress
decide how to reasonably cope with the stress at hand
108
biofeedback
uses technology to monitor various bodily functions and display them to the participant in order to cause them to change it or cope with it better
109
coffee cup calorimetry cannot be used for
extreme conditions such as low pressure high pressure and very high temp
110
specific heat is equal to
the heat capacity of a substance/ mass
111
specific heat is
the heat capacity of one gram of substance
112
things that speed up reaction rate
Lower the activation energy the faster the reaction rate
greater concentrations of reactants the faster the reaction rate
higher temperature of the reaction mixture the faster the reaction rate
113
a catalyst that accelerates a reaction rate does so by
lowering the activation energy of the rate-determining step and the energy of the highest-energy transition state
114
what does a catalyst do
it lowers the activation energy and it does not get used up. it also does not change the equilibrium or thermodynamics in the process
115
for rate constant always want the units to be
M/s
116
solubility of solids in liquids increases with
increasing temp
117
solubility of gases in liquids tends to decrease with
increasing temp
118
solubility of gases in liquids tends to increase with
increasing pressure
119
Role strain
is the many problems that occur in one role. One status pulling you different ways ex: school when all classes require things from you
120
Role conflict
is when there are different identities or roles. 2 or more statuses
121
primary group
close human relationships. comes with emotions and support
122
secondary group
only a few goal directed things. only a group to accomplish something. short term and goal oriented
123
ethnocentric
we judge our own culture to be superior to that of others
124
cultural relativism
there is no right or wrong but we have different cultures who are themselves valid
125
in group
the group that we are in and the group that we are psychologically most similar to. Stronger interactions than with the out-group.
126
out group
people you are not similar to you
127
in group favoritism
we are friendly to people in our in group. we are neutral to the out-group
128
out-group derogation
we are nice to our in group but we discriminate against the out-group. this happens when the out-group is perceived as going to prevent the in group from achieving something
129
dramaturgy front stage
when people are in a social setting. putting on a front to get people to like you
130
back stage
when the act is over and you act the most like yourself and do what comes to mind
131
impression management
our attempt to control how people see us
132
aggression
any thing whether verbal or physical meant to do harm
133
3 things that are thought to cause aggression
biological, psychological, socio-cultural
134
parts of the brain known in aggression
frontal lobe and amygdala
135
amygdala known for
fear response
136
frustration-aggression principle
frustration leads to aggression. temperature can cause this
137
socio-cultural aggression
when people in groups are more likely to be aggression
138
deindividuation
in a group you are considered anonymous and more likely to do things that you would not do in person
139
social scripts
people rely on what is deemed as okay in a social situation by society
140
harlow monkey experiment
explains that mother-child attachment is more than just food resources and the child will go toward comfort things. comfort forms the basis of attachment
141
discrimination
are harmful actions against minority groups
142
individual discrimination
one person is taking action on discriminating
143
institutional discrimination
school,government, and other institutions. Ex: brown vs board of education
144
institutional discrimination intentional
has a law that discriminates
145
past and present discrimination
a negative attitude coming from the past that leads to a minority not being treated correctly
146
prejudice
attitudes. usually negative and not based on facts
147
discrimination
you act on your prejudice.
148
utilitarian organizations
members are paid for their efforts includes universities but you do receive a diploma for your shared time
149
normative organization
shared goals
150
normative organization
shared goals such as volunteers
151
bureaucracy
rules, structures and ranking.
152
bureaucratization
how things become increasingly become governed more by law and policy
153
rule of oligarchy
describes how even the most democratic of organizations tend to become more bureaucratic over time
154
mcdonalization
how the rule of fast food companies have come to rule our organizations. include efficiency, calculability, predictability and control
155
max weber beliefs of ideal bureaucracy 5 things
structure of organizations. ideal bureaucracy includes division of labor (increase alienation, trained incapacity), hierarchy of organization (deprive people of having any type of voice), written rules and regulations (can stifle creativity and can discourage initiative), impersonality conduct behavior in an unbiased way (can lead to alienation), employment based on technical qualifications
156
four kinds of support we can have
emotional support (provided by family and close friends), esteem support , information support, tangible support (monetary), companionship support (companionship while you engage in an activity)
157
three components of emotions
cognitive, physiological, and behavioral
158
difference between moods and emotions
moods last longer and are not as distinct
159
why are first impressions important
1. long (lasts long)
2. strong (pretty hard to overcome)
3. built upon (look to find support of 1st impression)
160
primacy bias
the first impression is being important
161
recency bias
recent impression or data is also important
162
macrosociology
whole civilizations looking for patterns ex: war, poverty, medical, and economy
163
functionalism
is a macro sociology example
164
functionalism
is a macro sociology example looks at a society as a whole and the institutions that make up society adapt to make things work
165
conflict theory
is a macro sociology example. explains how society is made up of institutions that benefit the powerful and create inequalities
166
microsociology
you are looking at the small scale face to face interactions. interpretive analysis of the society.
167
conservative view of institutions
forms naturally and naturally benefits people
168
progressive view of institutions
says that institutions are an artificial piece of society and need to be changed to make society better
169
sects
break away from the church
170
cults
reject the things from society
171
fundamentalism
when people go back to strict religious rules
172
secularization
is the rejection of religious beliefs and more emphasis on governmental involvement
173
authoritarian government
absolute obedience to authority
174
dictatorships
are a form of authoritarian government in which one person rules
175
communism
is a classless based society in which everything is owned by the community
176
capitalism
motivated by profits and features private ownership of production with a market economy based on supply and demand
177
socialism
wants to benefit society as a whole and supply and demand is based on needs
178
functionalist
everyone in society has a function to contribute
179
medicalization
is human conditions get defined as medical conditions and get treated by medicine
180
sick role
in society in which people are allowed to be sick and not contribute to society to get better
181
palliative care
is the access to healthcare
182
functionalism
system of thinking by emile durkeim and how society is made up of different parts and how they all contribute to society. Society is made from a bunch of different institutions
183
social facts
are ways of thinking and acting formed by society. they are unique objects that cannot be affected by an individual. We don't know its there until we try to act against it. ex: law
184
problems of functionalism
focuses more about the institutions not enough emphasis of the individual and it also does not explain social change that occurs
185
conflict theory
focuses on the inequalities in society. made by karl marx
186
class consciousness
have people realize where they are in society and how they are being used. unite and form a group to overthrow the larger power
187
karl marx theory
is that if one group exploits another group would lead to destruction of it. Thesis is having one have the power antithesis (any source of unrest and tension) is where the lower is over being used and uprise
188
social constructionism
is that the things around us are actually not real but only exist because we give them value. Ex: money has no value except for the value we have given it
189
weak social constructionism
based on broot facts and the basic and fundamental.
190
strong social constructionism
all knowledge is a social construct and there are no root facts. there are no facts that just exist
191
symbolic interactionism
explains social order and looks on a small scale. Development of the individual is a process and is based on interactions with others.
192
symbolic interactionism tenets
1. we act on the meaning of the things that we have given them
2. we give meaning to things based on our social interactions
3. the meaning we give something is not permanent and changes in our day to day life
193
feminist theory
macroperspective. Focuses on the stratification and inequalities in society. Looks beyond the male base perspective to focus on the gender inequalities
194
marginalized
meaning that they have been confined to a lower limit in society
195
4 parts of the feminist theory
gender differences (what we are supposed to be doing and what attributes we have), gender inequality (how things by a woman are devalued), gender oppression, structural oppression
196
rational choice theory
is the idea that everything people do is fundamentally rational. they weigh the costs and benefits of choices. people act in self-interest. choose the best outcome for themselves
197
exchange theory
looks at society as a series of interactions with one another. Interpersonal interactions. These interactions are determined by weighing the rewards and punishments of an interaction
198
amphiprotic
means something can act as both an acid and a base
199
denaturation results in loss of
secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure
200
degree of unsaturation equation
[(2n+2)-x/2]
201
nucleophilicity rules
increases as negative charge increases
increases going down the periodic table in a group
increases going left in the periodic table across a particular period
202
total mechanical energy equation
E=KE+PE
203
favorable sn1 conditions
polar aprotic solvent
primary
results in a backside attack
kinetics include nucleophile and electrophile concentrations
204
favorable sn2 conditions
```
tertiary
protic solvents stabilizes the carbocation
relies on electrophile concentration
makes a racemic mixture
leaving group leaving is the slow step
```
205
secondary alcohols treated with PCC
turn into ketones
206
primary alcohols treated with CrO3
turn into aldehydes
207
oxidizing agents
```
chromatic acid (H2CrO4)
chromate salt (CrO4^2-)
Dichromate salt (Cr2O7^2-)
Permanganate (MnO4-)
Chromium Trioxide (CrO3)
```
208
not as strong oxidizing agent
PCC
