Short Answer Flashcards by Lourdes Frempong

What three noninvasive technologies help understand sleep stages by measuring electrical potentials and changes in electrical activity

EEG (Electroencephalography)
EMG (Electromyography)
EOG (Electro-oculography)

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What are the two distinct classes of sleep stages

Non-rapid eye movement (NREM)
Rapid eye movement (REM)

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What three stages are in the NREM class of sleep stages

NREM1
NREM2
NREM3

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What does an individual experience during wakefulness (before NREM1)

Desynchronized patterns of electrical activity

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What are the three main types of encoding

Semantic encoding
Visual encoding
Acoustic encoding

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What model is a framework for understanding an individual’s risk of mental disorders based on their genetic background and experiences

Diathesis-Stress Model

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Individuals with low diathesis are _________ and ________likely to develop mental disorders

resilient; less

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Individuals with high diathesis are _________ and ________likely to develop mental disorders

vulnerable; more

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The ________ road and the ________ road are the two levels of fearful stimulus processing

low; high

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Which theory states that autonomic arousal precedes emotion

Example:
Normal: I am shaking because I am scared
This theory: I am scared because I am shaking

James-Lange Theory

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Which theory states that arousal and emotion happen at the same time and is supported by observations of sham rage in rats

Example:
Normal: I am shaking because I am scared
This theory: I am shaking and feeling afraid at the same time

Cannon-Bard Theory

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Which theory states that cognitive appraisal of a stimulus determines which emotion is experienced, whereas arousal levels determine the emotion’s intensity

Example:

Schachter’s Cognitive Attribution Theory

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In Schachter’s Cognitive Attribution Theory, arousal that spills over from one event to the next, influencing responses is called the …

Spillover effect

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In Schachter’s Cognitive Attribution Theory, what are the two ingredients of emotion

Cognitive appraisal
Physical arousal

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(True or False) In Schachter’s Cognitive Attribution Theory, emotional experiences DOES NOT require a conscious interpretation of arousal

False

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Which theory states that when a stimulus is appraised, we experience an emotional response to that appraisal, and that emotion triggers physiological response

Lazarus’s Cognitive-Mediational Theory

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(True or False) In Lazarus’s Cognitive Mediational Theory, the brain processes much information without conscious awareness and mental functioning DOES NOT take place

False
(Mental functioning does still take place)

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(True or False) In Lazarus’s Cognitive Mediational Theory, emotions arise when an event is appraised as harmless or dangerous

True

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Which emotion theory fits the example below

Stimulus: A barking dog
First Response (ANS system): changes in the body
Second Response: Conscious notes the experience as fear

James-Lange Theory

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Which emotion theory fits the example below

Stimulus: a barking dog
First response: Subcortical brain activity
Second response: Autonomic Nervous System arousal, changes in the body, and conscious recognizes the experience as fear

Cannon-Bard Theory

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Which emotion theory fits the example below

Stimulus: a barking dog
First response: Cognitive appraisal determines the emotion, Autonomic Nervous System arousal & bodily changes determines the degree/intensity of the emotion
Second response: Conscious recognizes the experience as fear

Schachter’s Cognitive Attribution Theory

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The ______ road level of fearful stimulus processing provides ________ processing for an ________ emotional response

Low road; bottoms-up processing; immediate emotional response

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The ______ road level of fearful stimulus processing provides _______ processing by integrating visual information with _______, ________, and _________

High road; top-down; memory, expectations, and context

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In the high road level of fearful stimulus processing, visual information is perceived by the eyes and sent to the ________ then the primary visual cortex and the ______ cortex and then the _________

thalamus; prefrontal cortex; amygdala

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In the high road level of fearful stimulus processing, visual information is ______ relayed to the ________

indirectly; amygdala

In the low road level of fearful stimulus processing, visual information is relayed by the ________ directly to the ________ (eyes => thalamus => amygdala => peripheral nervous system)

thalamus; amygdala

Which level of fearful stimulus processing is used for the quickest possible response

Low road fearful stimulus processing

__________ are essential for short-term stress while ________ are essential for sustained, long-term periods of stress

Catecholamines; glucocorticoids

As an adult, minimal stressful circumstances leads to a ________ probability of developing mental disorder while excessive stressful circumstances and _______ to cope with them lead to a ______ probability of developing mental disorder

lower probability; inability to cope; higher probability

The Diathesis-Stress Model is similar to which theory

Reaction Range Theory of Intelligence

Which psychiatric disorder involves dissociative thinking, characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior

Schizophrenia

What percent of people have schizophrenia

What are the three types of schizophrenia symptoms

Positive symptoms Negative symptoms Cognitive symptoms

(Schizophrenia) Positive symptoms involve the _______ of abnormal thoughts and behaviors

presence

(Schizophrenia) Negative symptoms involve the _______ of normal thoughts and behaviors

absence

(Schizophrenia) _________ symptoms involve problems with processing and acting on external behaviors

Cognitive symptoms

What type of schizophrenia symptoms are characterized by the following Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized thinking Disorganized motor behavior

Positive symptoms

What type of schizophrenia symptoms are characterized by the following Flat Affect Avolition Alogia Asociability Anhedonia

Negative symptoms

What type of schizophrenia symptoms are characterized by the following Memory problems Poor attention span Difficulty making plans Poor social cognition Abnormal movement patterns

Cognitive symptoms

If both twins suffer from schizophrenia, they are _________ for the disease; however, if only one twin suffers from schizophrenia, they are _________

concordant; discordant

As the number of ______ shared with a schizophrenic individual ________, the concordance rate _________

genes shared; decreases; decreases

Malfunctions of the _________ gene are closely associated with schizophrenia

DISC-1 gene

A few genes have been identified as abnormal in some schizophrenics. Several of those genes are involved in ___________

Synapse rearrangement

Older fathers are ________ likely to have a child with schizophrenia

more likely

Family, twin, and adoptive studies show a __________ incidence of schizophrenia among biological relatives

higher incidence

(True or False) Schizophrenia is fully heritable

False (Schizophrenia is PARTLY heritable)

(True or False) A single gene causes and increases susceptibility to schizophrenia

False (No single gene causes or increases susceptibility to schizophrenia)

What is an epigenetic factor of schizophrenia

Paternal age

Anatomical hallmarks of Schizophrenia ________ lateral ventricles and ________ frontal cortex gray matter Smaller ______ and ________ _________ _________ of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus Altered ________ and _______ of the corpus callosum Reduced _________ activity in the _______ lobes

enlarged; reduced hippocampus; amygdala Disorganized arrangement structure; function metabolic activity; frontal lobes

The hypofrontality hypothesis states that schizophrenia may be caused by ....

Underactivation of the frontal lobes

________ generation antipsychotics block dopamine receptors in the __________ through the use of __________ antagonists

First generation; mesolimbic pathway; dopamine antagonists

First gen antipsychotics lead to reduced ________

Positive symptoms

Long term use of antipsychotics can lead to ...

Tardive dyskinesia Involuntary movements of the arms, legs, tongue, and facial muscles

Antipsychotics for negative schizophrenic symptoms work on the ...

Nigrostriatal pathways

Antipsychotics for negative schizophrenic block _______ which ordinarily increases dopamine release in the _______ cortex

serotonin; prefrontal

What is the term for when drug doses are lowered, an upregulation of receptors occurs

Supersensitivity psychosis

_______ binding affinity of medication means a smaller dose is needed

Higher

_______ binding affinity of medication means a larger dose is needed

Lower

Repetitive movements involving the face, mouth, lips, and tongue

Tardive dyskinesia

The issues started below regard which hypothesis Drugs block D2 receptors much faster (hours) than symptoms are reduced (weeks) Some patients do not respond to dopamine antagonists at all

Dopamine hypothesis

Second-gen antipsychotics are less likely to cause ____________, but some research shows that they are no more effective than first-generation antipsychotics

motor side effects

The glutamate hypothesis states that schizophrenia is caused by ...

underactivation of glutamate receptors

The glutamate hypothesis is possibly accounts for the _______ in _______ cortex activity (AKA hypofrontality)

reduction; frontal

_________, a second gen antipsychotic, blocks _________ receptors as well as _________ receptors

Clozapine; serotonin receptors; dopamine receptors

(True or False) Second-gen antipsychotics have affinity for other receptors

True

Compounds that increase ________ activity they are not possible treatment options because they cause ________

glutamatergic activity; seizures

(Glutamate hypothesis) __________ produces both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Phencyclidine

Other ______ receptor _________, like ketamine, produce effects similar to phencyclidine

NMDA; antagonists

This is the ______ of schizophrenia Modern view: schizophrenia is caused by the interaction of genetic factors and stress Usually appears in adolescents or young adults Prenatal stress Exposure to influenza, low birth weight or lack of oxygen at birth Stress of city living

Stress-Diathesis

What kind of encoding is described below Encoding of words and their meaning Words with similar themes/categories are organized together

Semantic encoding

What kind of encoding is described below Encoding of sounds The sounds of music and words are encoded, allowing us to remember songs, speeches, and more

Acoustic encoding

What kind of encoding is described below Encoding of images Mental images are more easily encoded than abstract things that can’t be pictured

Visual encoding

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of Memory, what are the 3 phases memory must pass through

Sensory buffer Short-term memory Long-term memory

Stores sensory impressions that only last a few seconds

Sensory buffer

What kind of memory involves temporary memories lasting hours to days and includes working memory

Short-term memory

What kind of short-term memory is described below Information is processed used and forgotten Lasts about 30 seconds in the absence of rehearsal Limited in capacity (7 chunks at a time) Intermediate STM lasts hours, but still temporary

Working memory

In Baddeley’s Working Memory Model, working memory is ...

subdivided

According to Baddeley's Working Memory Model, working memory is subdivided into which 3 parts

Phonological loop Visuospatial sketch pad Episodic buffer

Lesions of the _________ severely impair working memory

Prefrontal cortex

According to Baddeley's Working Memory Model, which subdivision of working memory contains more integrated, sensory information

Episodic buffer

What are the two main properties of long-term potentiation

Specificity Associativity

What is the sustained activation of both the presynaptic cell and postsynaptic cell, simultaneously called

Long-term potentiation

Long-term potentiation occurs in ___________ _________ of the hippocampal CA1 region

glutamatergic synapses

Connections in the brain are _______ by _______

altered; experience

Ability of the nervous system to change its activity in response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli by reorganizing its structure, functions, or connections

Plasticity

_________ is made possible by the formation of new synapses (synaptogenesis) and the strengthening of existing synapses in the _________ and _________

Memory; hippocampus; cortex

Long-term potentiation facilitates the ...

strengthening of existing synapses

Long-term potentiation increases ________ _________ to glutamate

postsynaptic sensitivity

Which sleep stage is characterized by alpha rhythm activity (lower frequencies with vertex spikes)

NREM-1

Which sleep stage is characterized by sleep spindles and K complexes

NREM-2

Which sleep stage is characterized by low frequency waves and high amplitude delta waves

NREM-3 (Slow-wave sleep stage)

Which sleep stage is known as paradoxical sleep and is characterized by Rapid eye movement Vivid dreaming Increased heart rate Rapid and irregular breathing Eyes darting left to right in 30 second bursts Muscle paralysis

REM (Stage 4)

For individuals deprived of REM sleep, the duration of REM sleep increases the next time the individual goes to sleep. This is know as ...

REM Rebound

What is the common sleep cycle

NREM-1 => NREM-2 => NREM-3 => NREM-2 => REM

Which sleep stage involves deep sleep

NREM-3

_________ individuals have longer sleep cycles; _________ individuals have shorter sleep cycles and generally get _____ sleep

Younger individuals; older individuals; less sleep

Mammals sleep more during ________ than in _________

infancy; adulthood

What stage do most vivid dreams occur

REM

Vivid dreams are associated with a lot of ____________ ________ activity in the posterior cortex region

high-frequency EEG activity

Sleep may have played a protective role in evolution by enforcing ...

niche adaptation

What are some of the reasons why we sleep

By sleeping when predators are searching, prey species are safer Sleep conserves energy Sleep helps restore and repair damaged tissue Glia cells are responsible for clearing debris, dead cells, and other things such as beta-amyloid build up During slow-wave sleep (NREM3), the pituitary gland secretes growth hormone necessary for muscle development Sleep helps strengthen neural connections that build enduring memories (helps with memory consolidation)

Sleep helps consolidate ________ memory with ________ memory

short-term memory; long-term memory

NREM sleep improves ....

Declarative memory

Sleep deprivation increases likelihood of creating ...

False memories

REM sleep may help consolidate ...

Nondeclarative memory

After a period of sleep, new _________ form; _______ leads to a decrease in _________

dendritic spines; sleep deprivation; dendritic spines

Sleep is an ________ state

active brain state

Declarative memory is made up of memories that can be ...

spoken

Reticular formation is located in the ...

brainstem

What is this part Activates the cortex Electrical stimulation of this part awakens animals Lesions to this part leads to persistent sleep Basal forebrain and this part are responsible for guiding the brain between NREM3 and wakefulness

Reticular formation

____________ is a specific region of the pons in the brain

 Subcoeruleus

The subcoeruleus triggers _____ sleep (Inhibits motor neurons during sleep)

REM sleep

Tuberomammillary Nucleus is located in the ...

hypothalamus

Hypothalamus sends __________ to other sleep centers and the hypothalamic tuberomammillary nucleus

hypocretin projections known as orexin

Loss of hypocretin cells can lead to conditions like ...

Narcolepsy

Tuberomammillary Nucleus enforces ...

patterns of sleep

Lesions to the subcoeruleus prevents ___________ during REM sleep

Loss of muscle tone

Severing the _______ creates an _________ _________

midbrain; isolated forebrain

Constant slow-wave sleep in the forebrain is generated by the _________

basal forebrain

Severing the _________ leads to an isolated brain that exhibits __________

brain stem; all the stages of sleep

Short Answer Flashcards

(120 cards)