SHRM - Workplace Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
Occupational injury
A
Injury that results from a work-related accident or exposure involving a single incident in the work environment.
2
Q
Sustainability
A
Practices that balance economic, social, and environmental interests to secure the interests of present and future generations.
3
Q
Stakeholders
A
All those affected by an organization’s social, environmental, and economic impact—shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, regulators, and local communities.
4
Q
Nonexempt employees
A
Employees covered under FLSA regulations, including minimum wage and overtime pay requirements.
5
Q
Global remittances
A
Monies sent back home by migrants working in foreign countries.
6
Q
Disparate impact
A
Type of discrimination that results when a neutral policy has a discriminatory effect; also known as adverse impact.
7
Q
Drug-Free Workplace Act
A
Requires federal contractors with contracts of $100,000 or more as well as recipients of grants from federal government to certify they are maintaining a drug-free workplace.
8
Q
Moral hazard
A
Situation in which one party engages in risky behavior knowing that it is protected against the risk because another party will assume any resulting loss.
9
Q
Repatriation
A
Process of reintegrating employees back into the home country after an assignment; includes adjustment to the new job and readjustment to the home culture and conditions.
10
Q
Civil Rights Act of 1964
A
First comprehensive U.S. law making it illegal to discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
11
Q
Assignees
A
Employees who work outside their home countries.
12
Q
Risk control
A
An action taken to manage a risk.
13
Q
Griggs v. Duke Power
A
1971 case that recognized adverse impact discrimination.
14
Q
Hostile environment harassment
A
Occurs when sexual or other discriminatory conduct is so severe and pervasive that it interferes with an individual’s performance; creates an intimidating, threatening, or humiliating work environment; or perpetuates a situation that affects the employee’s psychological well-being.
15
Q
Quid pro quo harassment
A
Type of sexual harassment that occurs when an employee is forced to choose between giving in to a superior’s sexual demands and forfeiting an economic benefit such as a pay increase, a promotion, or continued employment.
16
Q
Totalization agreements
A
Bilateral agreements entered into by many countries to eliminate double taxation for individuals on international assignment.
17
Q
EPLI - Employment practices liability insurance
A
Type of liability insurance covering an organization against claims by employees, former employees, and employment candidates alleging that their legal rights in the employment relationship have been violated.
18
Q
Extraterritoriality
A
Extension of the power of a country’s laws over its citizens outside that country’s sovereign national boundaries.
19
Q
Glocalization
A
Characteristic of an organization with a strong global image but an equally strong local identity.
20
Q
PPACA - Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
A
2010 law that requires virtually all citizens and legal residents of the U.S. to have minimum health coverage and requires employers with more than 50 full-time employees to provide health coverage that meets minimum benefit specifications or pay a penalty.
21
Q
Principal-agent problem
A
Situation in which an agent (e.g., an employee) makes decisions for a principal (e.g., an employer) potentially on the basis of personal incentives that are not aligned with the agent’s incentives.
22
Q
Process alignment
A
Extent to which underlying operations such as IT, finance, or HR integrate across locations.
23
Q
Pregnancy Discrimination Act
A
Act that prohibits discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions.
24
Q
Triple bottom line
A
Economic, social, and environmental impact metrics used to determine an organization’s success.
25
Reverse innovation
Innovations created for or by emerging-economy markets and then imported to developed-economy markets.
26
Compliance program
System for ensuring that policies and procedures addressing issues identified in the code of conduct are presented to and understood and acted on by everyone in the organization and for evaluating the results of those efforts.
27
Employees
Individuals who exchange work for wages or salary; in the U.S., workers who are covered by Fair Labor Standards Act regulations as determined by the IRS.
28
Culture
Set of beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors shared by members of a group and passed down from one generation to the next.
29
Dilemma reconciliation
Process of charting a course through cultural differences.
30
EPA - Equal Pay Act
Act that prohibits wage discrimination by requiring equal pay for equal work.
31
Equal Employment Opportunity Act
1972 act that amended Title VII and gave the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission authority to implement its administrative findings and conduct its own enforcement litigation.
32
Comparable worth
Concept that states that jobs requiring comparable skills, effort, responsibility, and working conditions filled primarily by women should have the same job classification and salary as similar jobs filled by men.
33
Risk
The effect of uncertainty on objectives; outcomes may include opportunities or threats.
34
Vesting
Process by which a retirement benefit becomes nonforfeitable.
35
Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.
2007 case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that claims of sex discrimination in pay under Title VII were not timely because discrimination charges were not filed with the EEOC within the required 180-day time frame.
36
ERISA - Employee Retirement Income Security Act
Act that established uniform minimum standards for employer-sponsored retirement and health and welfare benefit programs.
37
Faragher v. City of Boca Raton
Court ruling that distinguished between supervisor harassment that results in tangible employment action and supervisor harassment that does not.
38
Prudent person rule
States that an ERISA plan fiduciary has legal and financial obligations not to take more risks when investing employee benefit program funds than a reasonably knowledgeable, prudent investor would under similar circumstances.
39
Risk position
An organization's desired gain or acceptable loss in value.
40
Risk management
Identification, evaluation, and control of risk that may affect an organization, typically incorporating the use of insurance and other strategies.
41
Hazard
Potential for harm, often associated with a condition or activity that, if left uncontrolled, can result in injury or illness.
42
Disparate treatment
Type of discrimination that occurs when an applicant or employee is treated differently because of his or her membership in a protected class.
43
USERRA - Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act
Act that protects the employment, reemployment, and retention rights of persons who serve or have served in the uniformed services.
44
IRCA - Immigration Reform and Control Act
Act that prohibits discrimination against job applicants on the basis of national origin or citizenship; establishes penalties for hiring illegal aliens and requires employers to establish each employee's identity and eligibility to work.
45
COBRA - Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act
Act that provides individuals and dependents who may lose medical coverage with opportunity to pay to continue coverage.
46
Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corporation
1971 case that stated that an employer may not, in the absence of business necessity, refuse to hire women with preschool-aged children while hiring men with such children.
47
Vicarious liability
Legal doctrine under which a party can be held liable for the wrongful actions of another party.
48
Governance
System of rules and processes an organization puts in place to ensure its compliance with local and international laws, accounting rules, ethical norms, and its own codes of conduct.
49
Adverse impact
Type of discrimination that results when a neutral policy has a discriminatory effect; also known as disparate impact.
50
OWBPA - Older Workers Benefit Protection Act
Act that amended ADEA to include all employee benefits; also provided terminated employees with time to consider group termination or retirement programs and consult an attorney.
51
LMRA - Labor-Management Relations Act
Act that provides balance of power between union and management by designating certain union activities as unfair labor practices; also known as Taft-Hartley Act.
52
High-context culture
Society or group where people have close connections over a long period of time and where many aspects of behavior are not made explicit, because most members know what to do and think from years of interaction.
53
WARN - Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act
Act that requires some employers to give a minimum of 60 days' notice if a plant is to close or if mass layoffs will occur.
54
Diversity dimensions
Framework for understanding the range and complexity of diversity; includes four layers (personality, internal dimensions, external dimensions, and organizational dimensions); also known as identity group.
55
Rule of law
Concept that stipulates that no individual is beyond the reach of the law and that authority is exercised only in accordance with written and publicly disclosed laws.
56
NLRB v. Weingarten
Landmark 1975 labor relations case that dealt with the right of a unionized employee to have another person present during certain investigatory interviews.
57
Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures
Procedural document designed to assist employers in complying with federal regulations prohibiting discrimination.
58
OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Agency that administers and enforces the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970.
59
Cultural relativism
Concept that argues that ethical behavior is determined by local culture, laws, and business practices.
60
Occupational illness
Medical condition or disorder, other than one resulting from an occupational injury, caused by exposure to environmental factors associated with employment.
61
Code of conduct
Principles of conduct within an organization that guide decision making and behavior; also known as code of ethics.
62
Independent contractors
Self-employed individuals hired on a contract basis for specialized services.
63
FMLA - Family and Medical Leave Act
Act that provides employees with up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave to care for family members or because of a serious health condition of the employee.
64
ADA - Americans with Disabilities Act
Act that prohibits discrimination against a qualified individual with a disability because of his/her disability.
65
Weingarten rights
Union employees' right to have a union representative or coworker present during an investigatory interview.
66
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
Supreme Court ruling that PPACA requirement that individuals purchase health insurance was constitutional but that requirement that states expand Medicaid was not.
67
Lechmere, Inc. v. NLRB
1992 case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that an employer cannot be compelled to allow nonemployee organizers onto the business property.
68
Exempt employees
Employees who are excluded from FLSA minimum wage and overtime pay requirements.
69
Civil Rights Act of 1991
Act that expands the possible damage awards available to victims of intentional discrimination to include compensatory and punitive damages; gives plaintiffs in cases of alleged discrimination the right to a jury trial.
70
Inclusion
Extent to which each person in an organization feels welcomed, respected, supported, and valued as a team member.
71
Risk appetite
Amount of risk the organization or function is willing to pursue or accept to attain its goals.
72
GINA - Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act
Act that prohibits discrimination against individuals on the basis of their genetic information in both employment and health insurance.
73
FCRA - Fair Credit Reporting Act
Act that protects privacy of background information and ensures that information supplied is accurate.
74
Intercultural wisdom
Capacity to recognize, interpret, and behaviorally adapt to multicultural situations and contexts; also called cultural intelligence.
75
Portal-to-Portal Act
Act that defines what is included as hours worked and is therefore compensable and a factor in calculating overtime.
76
Risk scorecard
Tool used to gather individual assessments of various characteristics of risk (e.g., frequency of occurrence, degree of impact/loss/gain for the organization, degree of efficacy of current controls).
77
Workweek
Any fixed, recurring period of 168 consecutive hours (7 days times 24 hours = 168 hours).
78
ERG - Employee resource group
Voluntary group for employees who share a particular diversity dimension (race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation, etc.); also known as affinity group or network group.
79
EPPA - Employee Polygraph Protection Act
Act that generally prevents employers engaged in or affecting interstate commerce from using lie detector tests either for preemployment screening or during the course of employment, with certain exemptions.
80
Conflict of interest
Situation in which a person or organization has the potential to be influenced by two opposing sets of incentives.
81
Ethics
Set of behavioral guidelines by which all directors, managers, and employees of an organization are expected to behave to ensure appropriate moral and ethical business standards, typically beyond the letter of the law.
82
Duty of care
Principle that organizations should take all steps that are reasonably possible to ensure the health, safety, and well-being of employees and protect them from foreseeable injury.
83
Gender
Refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women.
84
ADEA - Age Discrimination in Employment Act
Act that prohibits discrimination in employment for persons age 40 and over.
85
ADAAA - ADA Amendments Act
Amendments to Americans with Disabilities Act covering the definition of individuals regarded as having a disability, mitigating measures, and other rules of construction to guide the analysis of what constitutes a disability.
86
Local responsiveness (LR) strategy
Globalization strategy that emphasizes adapting to the needs of local markets and allows subsidiaries to develop unique products, structures, and systems.
87
Residual risk
Amount of uncertainty that remains after all risk management efforts have been exhausted.
88
CSR - Corporate social responsibility
Recognition of the impact a corporation has on the lives of its stakeholders (including shareholders, employees, communities, customers, and suppliers) and the environment; can include corporate governance, corporate philanthropy, sustainability, and employee rights and workplace safety.
89
Low-context culture
Society in which people tend to have many social connections but of shorter duration and where behavior and beliefs may need to be described explicitly so that those coming into the cultural environment know how to behave.
90
Diversity council
Task force created to define a diversity and inclusion initiative and guide the development and implementation process.
91
Common law
Legal system in which each case is considered in terms of how it relates to legal decisions that have already been made; evolves through judicial decisions over time.
92
Insourcing
Transferring a previously outsourced function back in-house.
93
PBGC - Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation
Set up by ERISA to insure payment of benefits in the event that a private-sector defined benefit pension plan terminates with insufficient funds to pay the benefits.
94
BFOQ - Bona fide occupational qualification
Situation in which religion, sex, or national origin is reasonably necessary to carrying out a particular job function in the normal operations of an organization.
95
Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act (FACT Act)
Act that provides some relief to employers using third parties to conduct workplace investigations.
96
Global mindset
Ability to take an international, multidimensional perspective that is inclusive of other cultures, perspectives, and views.
97
Due process
Concept that laws are enforced only through accepted, codified procedures.
98
Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth
Court ruling that distinguished between supervisor harassment that results in tangible employment action and supervisor harassment that does not.
99
Protected class
People who are covered under a particular U.S. federal or state antidiscrimination law.
100
KRI's - Key risk indicators
Metrics that provide an early warning of increasing levels of uncertainty in a particular business area.
101
NDAA - National Defense Authorization Acts
Acts that expanded FMLA leave for employees with family members who are covered members of the military.
102
Disability
Physical or mental impairment that substantially limits major life activities.
103
Risk tolerance
Amount of uncertainty an organization is willing to pursue or to accept to attain its risk management goals.
104
NLRA - National Labor Relations Act
Act that protects the rights of employees to organize unhampered by management; also known as Wagner Act.
105
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act
Act that creates a rolling time frame for filing wage discrimination claims and expands plaintiff field beyond employee who was discriminated against.
106
General Duty Clause
Statement in Occupational Safety and Health Act that requires employers subject to OSHA to provide employees with a safe and healthy work environment.
107
National origin
Refers to the country (including those that no longer exist) of one's birth or of one's ancestors' birth.
108
FLSA - Fair Labor Standards Act
Act that regulates employee status, overtime pay, child labor, minimum wage, record keeping, and other administrative concerns.
109
Redeployment
Process by which an organization moves an employee out of an international assignment; can involve moving back to the home country, moving to a different global location, or moving to a new location or position in the current host country.
110
Overtime pay
Required for nonexempt workers under FLSA at 1.5 times the regular rate of pay for hours over 40 in a workweek.
111
Jurisdiction
Right of a legal body to exert authority over a given geographical territory, subject matter, or persons or institutions.
112
Identity alignment
Extent to which diversity is embraced in management of people, products/services, and branding.
113
Global integration (GI) strategy
Globalization strategy that emphasizes consistency of approach, standardization of processes, and a common corporate culture across global operations.
114
Diversity
Differences in characteristics of people; can involve personality, work style, race, age, ethnicity, gender, religion, education, functional level at work, etc.
115
Civil law
Legal system based on written codes (laws, rules, or regulations).
116
Contingency plan
Protocol that an organization implements to respond to an unplanned but identified risk event.
117
Diversity of thought
Concept describing the presence of different types of cognitive processes in a workplace; opposed to "groupthink", or similarity of thought processes and opinions.
118
LMRDA - Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act
Act that protects the rights of union members from corrupt or discriminatory labor unions; also known as Landrum-Griffin Act.
119
Offshoring
Situation in which a company relocates processes or production to an international location by means of subsidiaries or third-party affiliates.
120
Ethical universalism
Concept that argues that there are fundamental ethical principles that apply across cultures.
121
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act
Act that established the first national policy for safety and health and continues to deliver standards that employers must meet to guarantee the health and safety of their employees.
