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BMS 150 FINAL 2 > SI Phys and Path again > Flashcards

SI Phys and Path again Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 regions of the small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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2
Q

which region is the shortest and widest portion of the small intestine

A

duodenum

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3
Q

which region starts at the pyloric sphincter?

A

duodenum

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4
Q

which region is C-shaped and mostly retroperitoneal?

A

duodenum

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5
Q

which region is closely associated with the head of the pancreas?

A

duodenum

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6
Q

which region of the small intestine is the longest?

A

ileum (2 meters)

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7
Q

which region joins the large intestine at ileocecal sphincter?

A

ileum

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8
Q

the vast majority of the duodenum is ?

A

retroperitoneal

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9
Q

jejunum has what?

A

larger plicae circulares

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10
Q

the ileum has many ?

A

large lymphoid nodules (peyer’s patches)

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11
Q

the arterial supply for the first 2/3 of the duodenum comes from?

A

the hepatic artery of the celiac trunk
- Hepatic art. -> gastroduodenal art. -> superior pancreaticoduodenal art.

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12
Q

the arterial supply for the rest of the small intestine (last part of duodenum to ileum) comes from

A

the superior mesenteric artery

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13
Q

what receives venous blood from small intestine and portions of the large intestine, stomach, and pancreas

A

superior mesenteric vein

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14
Q

what are plica circulares?

A

folds of mucosa and submucosa, they are permanent ridges about 10 mm “tall”

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15
Q

what encourages mixing and cause chyme to spiral and slosh through the intestine

A

plica circulares

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16
Q

what are finger-like projections of mucosa that are 0.5-1 mm long and vastly increase the SA of epithelium

A

villi

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17
Q

what is too small to be seen individually and is called?

A

microvilli and brush border

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18
Q

what does L cells secrete?

A

Peptide YY

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19
Q

what does Peptide YY do?

A

inhibits gastric secretion and motility = slows gastric emptying

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20
Q

how is chyme propelled through the small intestine

A

peristaltic waves (peristalsis)

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21
Q

what is a peristaltic rush

A

a powerful wave of contractile activity that travels long distances down the small intestine

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22
Q

what causes a peristaltic rush

A

intense irritation or unusual distension

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23
Q

what is the “law of the gut”

A

distention in the alimentary canal causes distal parts of the canal to relax and proximal parts to contract

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24
Q

peristalsis is enhanced by?

A
  • gastrin
  • CCK
  • serotonin
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25
peristalsis is inhibited by?
- secretin - peptide YY - epinephrine
26
what are the requirements for gastric emptying into the small intestine (duodenum)
- food particles must by very small - small volumes of low pH fluid - gradual release
27
what is the major organ that regulates the rate of gastric emptying
duodenum
28
what are some duodenal hormones?
CCK and Secretin
29
what substances release the most CCK
fats
30
what is the major paracrine regulator of gastric emptying
CCK - increased CCK release = slowed gastric emptying
31
secretin also has a mild impact on ?
gastric emptying slowing it
32
what is the major hormone that performs the role of the "ileal brake"
peptide YY
33
If undigested foods are reaching the distal small intestine, then ? “slows everything down” – not just gastric motility, but motility of the proximal intestines as well
peptide YY
34
when would the ileocecal valve forcefully close?
when excess pressure builds up in cecum
35
where are Brunner's glands found?
found proximal to the sphincter of Oddi
36
what does brunner's glands secrete
secrete alkaline mucous
37
what is the function of brunner's glands
protect duodenal wall from digestion by gastric juice
38
what regulates the release of bile into the dudodenum fromt eh ampulla of vater
sphincter of Oddi
39
if the sphincter of Oddi is closed, then bile is stored where?
gall bladder
40
what are the protein digestion enzymes in the pancreas
- trysin - chymotrypsin - elastase - carboxypeptidase
41
what is the inactive form of trypsin
trypsinogen
42
what is the activator for trypsinogen
enterokinase
43
what is the inactive form of chymotrpsin
chymotrypsinogen
44
what is the activator for chymotrypsinogen
trysin
45
what does chymotrypsin do?
cleaves peptide bonds next to a wide range of amino acids
46
what is the inactive form of elastase
proelastase
47
what is the activator of proelastase
trypsin
48
what does elastase do?
cleaves elastin
49
what is the inactive form of carboxypeptidase
procarboxypeptidase
50
what is the activator of procarboxypeptidase
trypsin
51
what does carboxypeptidase do?
cleaves the carboxy-terminal ends of peptides
52
what is the digestive enzyme for carbohydrate digestion in the pancreas
pancreatic amylase
53
what are the lipid digestion enzymes in the pancreas
pancreatic lipase/co-lipase phospholipase A2
54
what is the activator of pancreatic lipase
co-lipase activates lipase at the micelle
55
what does pancreatic lipase do?
cleaves triglycerides to fatty acids and 2 monoacyl glycerol
56
what is the inactive form of phospholipase A2
prophospholipase
57
what activates prophospholipase
trypsin
58
what does phospholipase A2 do?
cleaves phospholipids
59
what is the enzyme called in the mouth that digest carbohydrates? and what secretes it?
ptyalin (salivary amylase) and parotid gland
60
what is the most important enzyme for digestion of starches
pancreatic amylase
61
The brush border formed by the microvilli contain 3 major enzymes that digest the major disaccharide sugars in our diet
- lactase - maltase - sucrase
62
what are the two things in the stomach that helps with protein digestion
- HCL - Pepsin
63
what does HCL do to proteins in the stomach
denatures them which improves the "exposure" of peptide bonds to digestive enzymes
64
what has the ability to digest collagen
pepsin
65
33% of protein absorption as ?, 67% of protein absorption as ?
free amino acids and peptides
66
what does bile contain that help the formation of micelles
- lecithins - bile salts - cholesterol
67
"outside" of the micelle is what? "inside of the micelle is ?
hydrophillic hydrophobic with the dieatary lipids
68
When absorption at the small intestine fails, nutrients remain in the lumen of the intestine. This can result in:
- diarrhea - micronutrient deficiency - macronutrient deficiencies
69
Types of malabsorption can be pathophysiologically organized into four major problems:
- disturbances in intraluminal digestion - disturbances in terminal digestion - disturbances in transepithelial transport - disturbances in lymphatic transport
70
celiac disease is what type of malabsorption
terminal and trans-epithelial
71
explain basic celiac disease
Damage to the villi and microvilli results in loss of surface area and overall absorptive enterocyte function
72
explain basic chronic pancreatitis
Lack of major digestive enzymes from the pancreas leads to major impairment of absorption, diarrhea, and nutrient deficiencies
73
explain basic disaccharidase deficiencies (lactose intolerance)
Lack of disaccharide results in unabsorbed sugar in the lumen ->bacterial gas production and osmotic diarrhe
74
explain gastroenteritis
Damage to the brush border or dysregulation of electrolyte transport results in impaired ability to absorb nutrients
75
chronic pancreatitis is what type of malabsorption
intraluminal digestion
76
disaccharidase deficiencies is what type of malabsorption
terminal digestion
77
gastroenteritis is what type of malabsorption
terminal and trans-epithelial

BMS 150 FINAL 2 (26 decks)

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