Sick Pre-Schooler

Question 1

hematological malignancy or cancer of the blood which develops in the bone marrow.

Answer 1

leukemia

Question 2

most common childhood cancer

Answer 2

childhood leukemia

Question 3

type of leukemia that develops and worsens quickly (over periods of days to weeks).

Answer 3

acute leukemia

Question 4

type of leukemia that develops over a slower period of time (months), but it is more difficult to treat than acute leukemia, and is more common in adults than in children..

Answer 4

chronic leukemia

Question 5

6 main types of leukemia that occur in children

Answer 5

• acute lymphoblastic leukemia
• acute myelogenous leukemia
• acute promyelocytic leukemia
• chronic myelogenous leukemia
• chronic lymphocytic leukemia
• juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia

Question 6

the most common form of childhood leukemia, which makes up 75-80% of childhood leukemia diagnoses.

Answer 6

acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Question 7

a form of leukemia that affects the lymphocytes, a type of White Blood Cells (WBC) which fights infection. when a patient has ALL, the bone marrow makes too many immature WBC and they do not mature correctly. these WBC also do not work correctly to fight infection. the WBC over-produce, crowding the other blood cells in the bone marrow.

Answer 7

acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Question 8

accounts for most of the remaining cases of leukemia in children, comprising about 20% of childhood cancer.

Answer 8

acute myelogenous leukemia

Question 9

a cancer of the blood in which too many myeloblasts (immature WBC) are produced in the bone marrow. the marrow continues to produce abnormal cells that crowd the other blood cells and do not work properly to fight infection.

Answer 9

acute myelogenous leukemia

Question 10

what gets affected in ALL?

Answer 10

lymphocytes

Question 11

what gets affected in AML?

Answer 11

myeloblasts

Question 12

a specific type of AML.

Answer 12

acute promyelocytic leukemia

Question 13

in this leukemia, promyelocytes are produced and build up in the bone marrow.

Answer 13

acute promyelocytic leukemia

Question 14

what gets affected in APL?

Answer 14

promyelocytes

Question 15

in acute promyelocytic leukemia, a specific chromosome translocation where genes on _ changes places with _. this genetic change prevents the promyelocytes from maturing properly.

Answer 15

in acute promyelocytic leukemia, a specific chromosome translocation where genes on chromosome 15 changes places with chromosome 17. this genetic change prevents the promyelocytes from maturing properly.

Question 16

a chronic leukemia that develops slowly, over months to years.

Answer 16

chronic myelogenous leukemia

Question 17

rare in children, but does occur.

Answer 17

chronic myelogenous leukemia

Question 18

a chromosome translocation occurs in pt with chronic myelogenous leukemia where part of the _ breaks off and attaches itself to _, facilitating exchange of genetic material between these. the rearrangement of the chromosomes changes the positions and functions of certain genes, which causes uncontrolled cell growth.

Answer 18

a chromosome translocation occurs in pt with chronic myelogenous leukemia where part of the chromosome 9 breaks off and attaches itself to chromosome 22, facilitating exchange of genetic material between these. the rearrangement of the chromosomes changes the positions and functions of certain genes, which causes uncontrolled cell growth.

Question 19

another form of chronic leukemia, but is extremely rare in children.

Answer 19

chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Question 20

a form of leukemia in which myelomonocytic cells are overproduced.

Answer 20

juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia

Question 21

what is affected in JMML?

Answer 21

myelomonocytic cells

Question 22

it is sometimes considered a myeloproliferative neoplasm.

Answer 22

juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia

Question 23

JMML is considered as _.

Answer 23

myeloproliferative neoplasm

Question 24

JMML is rare and most commonly occurs in children _.

Answer 24

under the age of four

Question 25

in JMML, the myelomonocytic cells produced by the bone marrow and invade the _, _, and _.

Answer 25

• spleen • lungs • intestines

Question 26

signs and symptoms of leukemia (11): CHILD CANCER

Answer 26

• continuous weight loss • headache, persistent nausea and vomiting with or without seizure • increased swelling or persistent pain in bones, joints, back or legs • lump or mass (swollen lymph nodes) — abdomen, neck, chest, armpits • development of rash, bleeding, bruises (including petechiae) • constant/recurrent infections • abdominal pain or fullness, which may cause shortness of breath or loss of appetite • noticeable paleness of skin • constant tiredness • eye or vision changes • recurrent or persistent fever

Question 27

diagnosis for leukemia (5): BIBCS

Answer 27

• bone marrow aspiration and biopsy • immunophenotyping and cytogenic analysis • blood tests • complete blood count • spinal tap

Question 28

treatment for leukemia (5): CSRTI

Answer 28

• chemotherapy • stem cell transplant • radiation therapy • targeted therapy • immunotherapy

Question 29

treatment for leukemia: a treatment that uses chemicals to interfere with the cancer cells ability to grow and reproduce. it can be used alone or in combination with other therapies.it can be given either as a pill to swallow orally, an injection into the fat or muscle, and through an IV directly into the bloodstream or directly into the spinal column.

Answer 29

chemotherapy

Question 30

treatment for leukemia: a process in which the blood-forming cells that are abnormal (like leukemia cells) or that were destroyed by chemotherapy are replaced with healthy new blood-forming cells.

Answer 30

stem cell transplant

Question 31

treatment for leukemia that can help the human body produce more healthy WBC, RBC, or platelets.

Answer 31

stem cell transplant

Question 32

treatment for leukemia that reduces the risk of life-threatening conditions such as anemia or hemorrhage.

Answer 32

stem cell transplant

Question 33

stem cell transplants can be done by obtaining cells from the (2)

Answer 33

• bone marrow • blood or umbilical cord blood

Question 34

stem cell transplants can use the cells from one’s cells, called _.

Answer 34

autologous stem cell transplant

Question 35

stem cell transplant can use cells from another person, also known as _.

Answer 35

allogenic stem cell transplant

Question 36

the type of stem cell transplants can used in childhood leukemia is typically _.

Answer 36

allogenic

Question 37

two types of stem cell transplants.

Answer 37

• autologous • allogenic

Question 38

treatment for leukemia that uses various types of radiation to kill cancer cells.

Answer 38

radiation therapy

Question 39

treatment for leukemia that uses medication to specifically kill the cancer cells. the medication is able to leave healthy normal cells alone while it targets the cancer.

Answer 39

targeted therapy

Question 40

treatment for leukemia that uses the child’s own immune system to fight the cancer. this therapy is currently in clinical trials.

Answer 40

immunotherapy

Question 41

a cancerous tumor in the cells of the kidney. with the right treatment, it is highly treatable.

Answer 41

wilm’s tumor / nephroblastoma

Question 42

signs and symptoms of wilm’s tumor (11): AAA FHNCLSH Funny Hippos Never Cook Leftover Spicy Hamburgers

Answer 42

• abdominal mass • abdominal swelling • abdominal pain • fever • hematuria (blood in the urine) • nausea and vomiting • constipation • loss of appetite • shortness of breath • high blood pressure

Question 43

risk factors for wilm’s tumors (4): AFAH WDB

Answer 43

• african-american race • family history certain abnormalities: - aniridia - hemihypertrophy occurs as part of rare syndromes: - WAGR syndrome - denys-drash syndrome - beckwith-wiedemann syndrome

Question 44

in the united states, _ children have a slightly higher risk of developing wilms' tumor than children of other races. _ children appear to have a lower risk than children of other races.

Answer 44

in the united states, **african-american** children have a slightly higher risk of developing wilms' tumor than children of other races. **asian-american** children appear to have a lower risk than children of other races.

Question 45

wilm’s tumor occurs more frequently in children with certain abnormalities or syndromes present at birth including (2): AH

Answer 45

• aniridia • hemihypertrophy

Question 46

risk factor of wilm’s tumor where the iris (the colored portion of the eye) forms only partially or not at all.

Answer 46

aniridia

Question 47

risk factor of wilm’s tumor that means one side of the body or a part of the body is noticeable larger than the other.

Answer 47

hemihypertrophy

Question 48

risk factor of wilm’s tumor that can occur as part of rare syndromes such as WAGR syndrome, which includes (4): WAGI

Answer 48

• wilm’s tumor • aniridia • genital and urinary system abnormalities • intellectual disabilities

Question 49

risk factor of wilm’s tumor that can occur as part of rare syndromes such as denys-drash syndrome, which includes (3): WKM

Answer 49

• wilm’s tumor • kidney disease • male pseudohermaphroditism

Question 50

a term describing a boy born with testicles but may exhibit female characteristics.

Answer 50

male pseudohermaphroditism

Question 51

risk factor of wilm’s tumor that can occur as part of rare syndromes such as beckwith-wiedemann syndrome, which includes (5): MAMEE

Answer 51

• macrosomia • abdominal organs that jut out into the base of the umbilical cord • macroglossia • enlarged internal organs • ear abnormalities

Question 52

risk factor of wilm’s tumor: children with this syndrome tend to be significantly larger than average (macrosomia). other signs may include abdominal organs that jut out into the base of the umbilical cord, a large tongue (macroglossia), enlarged internal organs and ear abnormalities.

Answer 52

beckwith-wiedemann syndrome

Question 53

a chronic disease involving the airways in the lungs. these airways, or bronchial tubes, allow air to come in and out of the lungs.

Answer 53

asthma

Question 54

the lungs and airways become easily inflamed when exposed to certain triggers, such as inhaling airborne pollen or catching a cold or another respiratory infection.

Answer 54

childhood asthma

Question 55

in childhood asthma, the lungs and airways become easily inflamed when exposed to certain triggers, such as (3): RIC.

Answer 55

• respiratory infection • inhaling airborne pollen • catching cold

Question 56

chronic runny or stuffy nose

Answer 56

rhinitis

Question 57

inflamed sinuses

Answer 57

sinusitis

Question 58

risk factors of asthma (9): EPAL OR HBB

Answer 58

• smoke exposure (exposure to tobacco smoke) • allergic history (skin reactions, food allergies, hay fever (allergic rhinitis) • lineage (family history of asthma, allergic rhinitis, hives, eczema) • town life (living in an urban area with increased exposure to air pollution) • obesity • respiratory conditions (rhinitis, sinusitis, pneumonia) • heartburn (gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD) • male • black

Question 59

signs and symptoms of asthma (5): FASCC

Answer 59

• frequent, intermittent coughing • a whistling or wheezing sound when exhaling • SOB • chest congestion or tightness • chest pain other symptoms of childhood asthma includes: • trouble sleeping by SOB, coughing, wheezing • bouts of coughing or wheezing that get worse with a respiratory infection, such as cold or the flu • delayed recovery or bronchitis after a respiratory infection • trouble breathing may limit play or exercise • fatigue, which may be caused by poor sleep

Question 60

diagnosis for asthma (5): PHATA

Answer 60

• presence of allergies or family history of asthma and allergies • history of recurrent or persistent wheeze • absence of physical findings that suggest an alternative diagnosis • tests that support the diagnosis (spirometry) • a consistent clinical response to an inhaled bronchodilator or preventer

Question 61

it can be difficult to diagnose asthma in children aged 0-5 because (3):

Answer 61

• episodic respiratory symptoms such as wheezing and cough are very common in children, particularly in children aged under 3 years • objective lung function testing by spirometry is usually not feasible in this age group • a high proportion of child who respond to bronchodilator treatment do not go on to have asthma in later childhood (e.g. by primary school age)

Question 62

types of asthma (2)

Answer 62

• allergic asthma • nocturnal asthma

Question 63

allergic asthma may be caused by (6): DAF LMP

Answer 63

• dust mite • animal • food (food allergies rarely make asthma worse) • latex • mold • pollen

Question 64

worsening of asthma at night is very common.

Answer 64

nocturnal asthma

Question 65

causes of nocturnal asthma (6): DECGAD

Answer 65

• delayed allergic response, which may occur 3-8 hours after exposure • exposure to allergens in the bedroom, particularly dust mites • chronic sinus problems and/or post-nasal drip • gastroesophageal reflux • airway cooling from a drop in body temperature • decreased effect of medications during early morning hours • sleep apnea - brief, repetitive cessation of breathing during sleep caused by an upper airway obstruction

Question 66

an infection in any part of the urinary system – kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. most infections involve the lower urinary tract – the bladder and the urethra.

Answer 66

urinary tract infection

Question 67

organs part of the urinary system (4): KUBU

Answer 67

• kidneys • ureters • bladder • urethra

Question 68

the lower urinary tract involves (2): BU

Answer 68

• bladder • urethra

Question 69

_ are at greater risk of developing a UTI than _.

Answer 69

**women** are at greater risk of developing a UTI than **men**.

Question 70

types of UTI (3): KUB

Answer 70

• kidney / acute pyelonephritis • urethra / urethritis • bladder / cystitis

Question 71

general symptoms of UTI (3): PUS

Answer 71

• passing frequent, small amounts of urine • urine that appears cloudy • strong-smelling urine

Question 72

signs and symptoms of acute pyelonephritis (4): HUNS

Answer 72

• high fever • upper back and flank pain • nausea and vomiting • shaking and chills

Question 73

signs and symptoms of cystitis (4): PLFB

Answer 73

• pelvic pressure • lower abdomen discomfort • frequent painful urination • blood in urine

Question 74

signs and symptoms of urethritis (1)

Answer 74

• burning sensation with urine discharge

Question 75

risk factors of UTI (6): FUBS CR

Answer 75

• female - anatomy - sexual activity - birth control (diaphragm) - menopause • urinary tract abnormalities • blockages in the urinary tract - kidney stones/enlarged prostate • suppressed immune system - diabetes • catheter use • recent urinary procedure

Question 76

diagnosis for UTI (6):

Answer 76

• voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) • urinalysis • nuclear scan • computed tomography (CT-scan) • ultrasound • magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Question 77

diagnosis for UTI that places fluid into the bladder through a tube to show any problems in the urethra or bladder when the child urinates.

Answer 77

voiding cystourethrogram

Question 78

diagnosis for UTI that uses liquid that contains a small amount of radioactive material to see how well the kidneys work.

Answer 78

nuclear scan