Sickle Cell Disease Flashcards
(44 cards)
Describe the population genetics of sickle cells disease
- Up to 10% of Caribbeans and 25% Africans (sub-Saharan) carry sickle gene
- Around 200,000 affected births annually worldwide – majority of these in Africa
- Global migration has played a part in the spread of sickle cell disease to developed countries
Describe the epidemiology of sickle cell disease in the UK
- Prevalence of 12,000 – 15,000 people (70% of these people reside in Greater London)
- There are 350 new births per annum (it is the most common monogenic disorder)
What is HbS - what is the mutation and which AA is formed?
- Point (missense) mutation at codon 6 of the gene for β globin
- Glutamic acid (POLAR, SOLUBLE) is replaced by valine (which is NON-POLAR and INSOLUBLE)
What is the difference in the sickle cell Hb compared to normal?
In sickle haemoglobin we have two normal alpha chains and two variant beta chains
What is the effect of deoxyhaemoglobin S being insoluble?
- HbS polymerises to form fibres called “tactoids”
- The deoxy Hb molecule can now form intertetramer contacts and long polymers of HbS form within the red cells
- In the presence of HbS (homozygous state), the shape of RBCs distort, leading to irreversibly sickled cells
What effect does the valine substitution have?
Deoxy Hb S is insoluble, oxyhaemoglobin S isn’t affected
What are the stages of cellular change in sickle cell disease?
- Distortion: Polymerisation initially reversible with formation of oxyHbS
- Dehydration
- Increased adherence to vascular endothelium (the cell membrane expresses a different profile of adhesion molecules)
What is sickle cell disease?
A generic term for all the sickling disorders
Sickle cell disease includes sickle cell anaemia (SS) and compound heterozygous states e.g. SC, Sb thalassaemia
What is the inheritance pattern of sickle cell?
Autosomal recessive
However presents with different severities in different people
How does the life span of a sickle cell differ to a normal red cell and what is the effect?
Shortened red cell lifespan Can lead to: - anaemia - gallstones - aplastic crisis
What effect may be seen in vasculature due to sickle cell and what can this result in?
Vaso-occlusion due to Hb polymerisation and increased adherence Can lead to: - Tissue damage - Necrosis - Infarction - Pain - Dysfunction
What are the consequences of tissue infarction?
- Damage to spleen: Hyposplenism (infection prone)
- Bones/Joints: dactylitis, avascular necrosis, osteomyelitis
- Skin: ulceration
Why does pulmonary hypertension occur in SC patients?
- Correlates with the severity of haemolysis
- The likely mechanism is that the free plasma haemoglobin resulting from intravascular haemolysis scavenges NO -> vasoconstriction
- Associated with increased mortality
Why does sickle cell lead to anaemia?
Partly due to a reduced erythropoietic drive, as haemoglobin S is a low affinity haemoglobin.
What is dactylitis?
Dactylitis is a pain crisis affecting the hands and feet. Hands and feet are acutely swollen, very painful and tender. Caused by vaso-occlusion
In childhood, if this involved the epiphyseal bone (growing bone), it may lead to stunting of individual digits.
What is the clinical presentation of sickle cell disease?
- In children, the most classical problems are painful dactylitis
- Infection susceptibility due to hyposplenism (particularly with streptococcus pneumoniae)
- Splenic sequestration and aplastic crisis can be distinguished by the presence/absence of reticulocytes
- Splenic sequestration can lead to hypovolaemic shock and eventual death from severe anaemia
Both require urgent transfusions
When does sickle cell usually present and why?
- Clinical problems usually start at 4-6 months as the HbF disappears and HbS predominates
- Early manifestations onset coincides with switch from foetal to adult Hb synthesis
Why may a stroke occur in sickle cell?
occlusion of cerebral vessels
What is the epidemiology of stroke in sickle cell patients?
- Sickle cell disease is the most common cause of stroke in children
- Affects approx. 8-10% of SCA patients
- Commonly seen in children of 2-9 years.
Which factors can trigger a painful crisis?
Infection, Exertion, Dehydration, Hypoxia, Acidosis, Psychological stress
What is the median survival age of SCA?
48 years in females, 42 years in males
What are the causes of death in SC patients?
21% painful crises, 14% chest syndrome, 9% renal failure, 7% infection, 6% perioperative
How can early mortality in sickle cell patients be prevented?
- Prophylaxis against pneumococcal infection
- Monitoring for acute splenic sequestration
How can sickle cell disease be diagnosed via a solubility test?
- In the presence of a reducing agent, oxyHb is converted to deoxy Hb
- Therefore the solubility decreases
- The solution becomes turbid – reflects the insolubility of HbS
