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Block 5 Week 1 Meg > Sievert: Cranial Primordia, skull, face, and scalp > Flashcards

Sievert: Cranial Primordia, skull, face, and scalp Flashcards

1
Q

Ectodermal thickenings that form structures for some of our special senses

A

placodes

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2
Q

List three important placodes

A

olfactory placode
lens placode
otic placode

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3
Q

The nasal placode is induced by the adjacent (blank) of the forebrain

A

olfactory bulb

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4
Q

The nasal placode forms the primary (blank) - the cells of smell grow into the olfactory bulb through the (blank) bone

A

olfactory epithelium; ethmoid bone

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5
Q

An outpocketing of the forebrain induces a thickening of the surface ectoderm which will form the (blank) placode or vesicle

A

lens placode

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6
Q

The otic placode forms what two things? So basically, what does the otic placode form up?

A

membranous labyrinth and sensory neurons of cranial nerve VIII; the inner ear!

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7
Q

The inner ear develops fairly slowly. Why is this important to consider?

A

may be susceptible to environmental defects

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8
Q

What does the middle ear cavity form from?

A

the adjacent 1st pharyngeal pouch lined by endoderm

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9
Q

Masses of mesorderm that form skeletal muscles

A

somites

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10
Q

(blank) somites form muscles that move the eye, but not muscles of the iris or the lens. (blank) somites form muscles of the tongue.

A

preotic; postotic

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11
Q

Masses of mesenchyme tissue that flank the developing gut

A

pharyngeal arches

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12
Q

When do pharyngeal arches appear around the developing gut?

A

4th-5th week

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13
Q

Each pharyngeal arch consists of a core of mesenchyme surrounded by (blank) on the outside and (blank) on the inside.

A

ectoderm; endoderm

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14
Q

What exists in the core of pharyngeal arches to contribute to skeletal components of the face?

A

neural crest cells

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15
Q

List the pharyngeal arch derivatives

A

muscle
bone or cartilage
skin from the overlying ectoderm
lining of the gut from the lining endoderm

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16
Q

Each pharyngeal arch forms (blank) or (blank)

A

cartilage; bone

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17
Q

The maxillary process forms what three things?

A

maxilla
zygomatic bone
part of the temporal bone

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18
Q

The madibular process forms what three things?

A

mandible
malleus
incus

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19
Q

The second arch, or the hyoid arch, forms what things?

A

lesser horn of hyoid bone
styloid process
stapes

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20
Q

What does the third arch form?

A

the rest of the hyoid bone

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21
Q

What do the 4th and 6th arches fuse to form?

A

the laryngeal cartilages

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22
Q

What muscles are derived from the first pharyngeal arch?

A

muscles of mastication

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23
Q

What muscles are derived from the second pharyngeal arch?

A

muscles of facial expression

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24
Q

What muscle is derived from the third pharyngeal arch?

A

stylopharyngeus

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25
Q

What muscles are derived from the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches?

A

muscles of the pharynx, larynx, and palate

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26
Q

What innervates the endoderm lining each pharyngeal arch?

A

the nerve of that arch

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27
Q

What does the first pharyngeal pouch form?

A

middle ear

auditory/eustachian tube

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28
Q

What does the second pharyngeal pouch form?

A

palatine tonsil

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29
Q

What does the third pharyngeal pouch form?

A

thymus

inferior parathyroid glands

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30
Q

What does the fourth pharyngeal pouch form?

A

superior parathyroid glands

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31
Q

What does the fifth pharyngeal pouch form?

A

C cells of the thyroid gland

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32
Q

What are the three cranial nerves to placodes?

A

1, 2, 8

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33
Q

What are the four cranial nerves to somites?

A

3, 4, 6, 12

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34
Q

What are the four cranial nerves to branchial arches?

A

5, 7, 9, 10

35
Q

Which cranial nerve is associated with the olfactory placode?

A

cranial nerve 1 - olfactory

36
Q

Which cranial nerve is associated with the optic vesicle?

A

cranial nerve 2 - optic

37
Q

Which cranial nerves are associated with preotic somites (3)?

A

cranial nerve 3 - oculomotor
cranial nerve 4 - trochlear
cranial nerve 6 - abducens

38
Q

Which cranial nerve is associated with branchial arch 1?

A

cranial nerve 5 - trigeminal

39
Q

Which cranial nerve is associated with branchial arch 2?

A

cranial nerve 7 - facial

40
Q

Which cranial nerve is associated with the otic placode?

A

cranial nerve 8 - vestibulocochlear

41
Q

Which cranial nerve is associated with branchial arch 3?

A

cranial nerve 9 - glossopharyngeal

42
Q

Which cranial nerve is associated with branchial arch 4?

A

cranial nerve 10 - vagus

43
Q

Which cranial nerve is associated with branchial arch 6?

A

cranial nerve 10 - vagus

44
Q

Which cranial nerve is associated with postotic somites?

A

cranial nerve 12 - hypoglossal

45
Q

What four things may spinal nerves contain?

A

general sensory (GSA)
viscerosensory (GVA)
somatomotor (GSE)
visceromotor (GVE)

46
Q

Potential cranial nerve components. Give an example of each:

  1. Special somatosensory
  2. General somatosensory
  3. General viscerosensory
  4. Special viscerosensory
  5. visceromotor
  6. somatomotor
  7. branchiomotor
A
  1. vision and balance/hearing
  2. skin
  3. gut
  4. taste buds/nasal placode
  5. autonomic
  6. muscles from somites
  7. muscles from branchial arches
47
Q

Cell bodies of nuclei are organized. All motor neurons of cranial nerves are in the (blank). All sensory neurons of cranial nerves 3-12 are in ganglia except which?

A

brainstem; except for the proprioceptive fibers for the face

48
Q

What is the order of columns within the alar plate (from lateral to medial)?

A

special somatosensory
general somatosensory
general and special viscerosensory

49
Q

What is the order of columns within the basal plate (from lateral to medial)?

A

somatomotor
branchiomotor
visceromotor

50
Q

Which cranial nerves have somatomotor components?

A

3, 4, 6, 12

51
Q

Which cranial nerves have visceromotor components?

A

3, 7, 9, 10

52
Q

Which cranial nerves have branchiomotor components?

A

5, 7, 9, 10

53
Q

Which cranial nerves have special sensory components?

A

1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10

54
Q

Which cranial nerves have general sensory components?

A

5, 7, 9, 10

55
Q

Which cranial nerves have visceral sensory components?

A

9, 10

56
Q

Which cranial nerves include taste?

A

7, 9, 10

57
Q

Which cranial nerve has neurons that are not in the brainstem, but may have somato and branchio components?

A

cranial nerve 11

58
Q

What are the three components of the sensory innervation of the face and scalp?

A

trigeminal nerve
dorsal rami of cervical spinal nerves (greater occipital nerve)
branches from cervical plexus (ventral rami)

59
Q

What are the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve?

A 
ophthalmic division (V1)
maxillary division (V2)
mandibular division (V3)
60
Q

What are the three foramina and what branches do they transmit?

A
  1. supraorbital foramen for supraorbital nerve from V1
  2. infraorbital foramen for infraorbital nerve from V2
  3. mental foramen for mental nerve from V3
61
Q

What is a distinguishing feature of the medulla?

A

pyramids

62
Q

What are two distinguishing features of the pons?

A
  1. pyramids are sunken into the pontine gray

2. there is a mass of cells whose axons form the middle cerebellar peduncle

63
Q

In the midbrain, the corticospinal, corticobulbar, and corticopontine fibers are collected into a bundle known as the (blank), which gives the midbrain an easily recognizable look.

A

cerebral peduncle

64
Q

Where do cranial nerves 5, 6, 7, 8 exit the brainstem?

A

PONS

65
Q

Where do 9, 10, 11, 12 exit the brainstem?

A

medulla

66
Q

Where do 3 and 4 exit the brainstem?

A

midbrain

67
Q

Where do cranial nerves 1 and 2 emerge from?

A

cerebrum or forebrain

68
Q

In general, motor nuclei are present (blank), and sensory nuclei are present (blank).

A

ventrally; dorsally

69
Q

The muscles of facial expression are derived from which pharyngeal arch? Where do this muscles insert? What do they produce? What other function do they have?

A

2; insert into the skin; produce facial expressions; protective function

70
Q

What are the terminal branches of cranial nerve 7?

A 
temporal
zygomatic
buccal
mandibular
cervical

**ten zebras bought my car

71
Q

The terminal branches of cranial nerve 7 pass through what structure?

A

parotid gland

72
Q

The terminal branches of the 7th cranial nerve exit via the (blank) foramen, and are mostly (blank)

A

stylomastoid foramen; motor

73
Q

The facial motor nucleus is in the (blank) column and sends its axons on a circuitous route over the (blank) nucleus to exit with the facial nerve from the caudal pons.

A

branchiomotor; abducens

74
Q

The motor fibers from the facial motor nucleus leave the nucleus and arch over the top of the (blank) nucleus before exiting on the facial nerve. The facial nerve has an interesting route through the skull. Why is this important?

A

abducens; the facial nerve can be damaged at many places and the symptoms vary depending on the place

75
Q

As the facial nerve leaves the stylomastoid foramen, what component is affected if it is damaged?

A

SVE

76
Q

What is this: the muscles of facial expression are paralyzed, so all of the muscles on that side of the face are involved.

A

Bell’s palsy

77
Q

What are the superficial arterial branches of the head?

A

external carotid artery

internal carotid artery (**via ophthalmic artery)

78
Q

What are the external carotid artery branches?

A

superficial temporal

facial/angular

79
Q

What are the internal carotid artery branches?

A

supraorbital
supratrochlear
**numerous anastomoses between branches

80
Q

List the layers of the scalp from superficial to deep

A 
skin
CT
aponeuroses
loose CT
pericranium
81
Q

The first 3 layers of the scalp are usually considered the (blank). Which layer has numerous arteries anastomosing? Why is this significant? Which layer is considered the danger space? Why?

A

scalp proper; CT layer; significance for bleeding; loose CT layer; can lead to spread of infection

82
Q

Skull
Thin/pliable bones?
Sutures?
Fontanels?

A

frontal, parietal, occipital;
sagittal, coronal, lambdoid;
anterior, posterior

83
Q

Premature suture closure
occurs in 1/2500 births
found in >100 genetic syndromes

A

craniosynostosis

84
Q

Scaphocephaly involves which suture?

Brachycephaly or oxycephaly involves which sutures?

A

sagittal suture; coronal and lambdoid sutures

Block 5 Week 1 Meg (8 decks)

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