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Fundamentals of Audio > Signal Theory quiz > Flashcards

Signal Theory quiz Flashcards

1
Q

LAW: The phase of the wave inverts

A

Reflection

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2
Q

LAW: Transfer of wave energy into another substance that does not vibrate

A

Absorption

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3
Q

LAW: Wave splits into more waves when it hits convex or concave surfaces

A

Diffusion

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4
Q

LAW: Waves sound differently as they travel through different mediums

A

Refraction

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5
Q

LAW: Waves can bend around corners

A

Diffraction

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6
Q

Complex pattern of reflections created by sound in an enclosed space

A

Interference Pattern

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7
Q

What make up the Interference Pattern?

A

Nodes (wave crests) and anti-nodes (wave troughs)

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8
Q

Time relationship created when sound arrives at your ears

A

Phase

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9
Q

Speed of sound (1127 ft/sec) divided by frequency (cycles/sec) =

A

Wavelength (in feet)

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10
Q

When two or more mics are employed to pick up the same signal, but because of placement, the same signal arrives out of phase/time. When two identical sound waves are present and one waveform is 180 degrees

A

Phase cancellation

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11
Q

Sound envelope

A

Attack, decay, sustain, release, or silence.

Note: Complex envelopes may have several instances of Attack and Decay

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12
Q

Frequency response

A

Sensitivity to frequency or bandwidth

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13
Q

Dynamic range

A

Sound pressure level measured subjectively in decibels/SPL from soft to loud

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14
Q

Addition or subtraction of gain (amplitude) for small selected bands of frequencies to obtain desired results

A

Equalization

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15
Q

Pitch

A

Musical term for frequency (cycles per second)

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16
Q

Compression/Rarefaction

A

Increase over the norm in pressure/decrease below the normal pressure

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17
Q

To weaken or rarefy a signal, normally accomplished by increasing impedance

A

Attenuate

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18
Q

Transmission of power from one form of energy to another

A

Transducer

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19
Q

Transient

A

Sudden and abrupt, normally undesirable signal or voltage/trigger voltage/spike in attack of square wave

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20
Q

Sibilance

A

Portion of speech that requires high frequency bandwidth; hiss

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21
Q

Noise

A

All frequencies, at equal levels, averaged over time (Aperiodic Motion)

22
Q

Equal Loudness Theorem

A

Human hearing does NOT exhibit flat frequency response

23
Q

Nyquist Theorem

A

In order to recover all four components of a periodic waveform, it is necessary to sample more than twice as fast as the highest waveform frequency

24
Q

Nyquist frequency (or Nyquist limit)

A

The highest frequency that can be coded at a given sampling rate, in order to be able to fully reconstruct the signal

25
Q

Unbalanced signal

A

Two conductor wiring RCA phono or Tip-Sleeve (TS) connectivity: program(+) and ground shield(-); can only extend about 30-40 ft before signal deterioration

26
Q

Consumer Line Level Signal

A

An unbalanced, high impedance signal employing RCA phono or Tip-Sleeve (TS) connectivity

27
Q

Noise canceling method of signal transmission employing XLR or Tip-Ring-Sleeve (TRS) connector using three-conductor wiring, shield, or ground

A

Balanced signal

28
Q

Professional mic/line level;

Consumer line level;

Speaker level

A

+4dB. 1.23 volts @ 600 ohms. 3 wire conductors.

-10dB. .77 volts @ 10,000 ohms. 2 wire conductors.

2 -100 volts possible. 2 -32 ohms. 2 conductors.

29
Q

An increase in low frequency response when a mic is very close to the sound source

A

Proximity Effect

30
Q

What’s the threshold of hearing?

A

0 dB SPL of a young and undamaged ear

31
Q

What’s the threshold of pain?

A

Between 120 and 130 (phons or dB SPL) measured at 1 Khz

32
Q

DSP stands for

A

Digital Signal Processing

33
Q

Gain-based DSP

A

Equalization, gating, compression/limiting, normalizing, filtering

34
Q

Time-based DSP

A

Reverb, delay, chorusing, flanging, phasing, doppler

35
Q

Inverse Square Law

A

The intensity of the sound (dB SPL) varies with the distance; for each doubling of distance (in m) from the source, the SPL will drop by 6 dB

36
Q

Impedance measured in ohms

A

Resistance.

Note: Adding resistance/impedance attenuates a signal

37
Q

Phenomenon: This occurs as electrons gravitate toward the “empty wire” or lowest energy state

A

Inductance

38
Q

The ability to retain or store an electrical charge (measured in farads); the basic working principle of a condenser mic

A

Capacitance

39
Q

Form of interference caused by presence of several sounds with similar frequency content, in the same space

A

Masking

40
Q

Modulation types

A

Amplitude modulation (AM); Frequency modulation (FM); Ring modulation (RM)

41
Q

Polar field patterns

A

Case of speaker: Patterns of radiation. Case of mic: Patterns of sensitivity.
- Omnidirectional, uni-directional, cardioid, hyper-cardioid, super cardioid, bi-directional, and ellipsoidal

42
Q

Piezo Element

A

Basic, high impedance, signal inducing transducer. Bi-directional

43
Q

Ceramic mic

A

Older mic elements used in early telephone technology and phonograph pickups

44
Q

Dynamic mic

A

Uses inductance as a vehicle to pick up waves of compression/rarefaction

45
Q

Condenser mic

A

Uses capacitance to bias the backplate/diaphragm, producing wide range and high freq sensitivity

46
Q

Ribbon mic

A

Light, thin, corrugated piece of metal foil is used to produce a warm, rich, and full freq response

47
Q

PZM and PCC mics

A

Pressure Zone Mic (PZM) is omnidirectional that looks down at boundary, while Phase Coherent Cardioid (PCC) mic has supercardioid capsule and looks across the boundary

48
Q

The human ear can hear

A

20-20,000 Hz

49
Q

Periodic motion vs. Aperiodic motion

A

Periodic

  • 4 natural harmonic waveforms (sine, triangle, sawtooth, square)
  • timbre
  • perceived intellectually

Aperiodic

  • noise
  • all frequencies have equal volumes
  • perceived inwardly
50
Q

Four natural harmonic waveforms

A

Sine: very few harmonics
Triangle: odd harmonics
Sawtooth: odd/even harmonics
Square: even harmonics

Fundamentals of Audio (1 decks)

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