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Medical Physiology > Signal transduction > Flashcards

Signal transduction Flashcards

1
Q

Sympathetic Catecholamines

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine

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2
Q

Parasympathetic esters

A

Acetylcholine

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3
Q

Excitatory Amino Acid Neurotransmitters

A

Glutamine, aspartate

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4
Q

Inhibitory Amino Acid Neurotransmitters

A

GABA, Glycine

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5
Q

Most common class of receptors

A

G-protein coupled recetors

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6
Q

Action of G-proteins

A

Pass the signal from receptor proteins to effector proteins, releasing 2nd messengers

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7
Q

Second messengers produced by G-protein activation

A

cAMP, IP3, DAG, Ion channel activity

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8
Q

Subunits of G-proteins

A

Alpha, beta, gamma

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9
Q

G-protein Alpha subunit

A

Activation alters 2nd messenger levels, can open ion channels

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10
Q

Family that cAMP belongs to

A

Adenylate Cyclase (membrane spanning enzymes)

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11
Q

What stimulates adenylate cyclase?

A

Gs-type G-proteins (and their associated receptors)

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12
Q

What inhibits adenylate cyclase?

A

Gi-type G-proteins (and associate receptors

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13
Q

How does cAMP exert its effect?

A

Activates protein kinase A (PKA)

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14
Q

What is PKA’s action?

A

Phosphorylates proteins (enzymes, pumps, channels). Can either increase or decrease activity depending on protein

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15
Q

Adenylate Cyclase

A

Family of membrane spanning enzymes (10 identified). Isoforms differ in respect to activity modulation

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16
Q

Kinases Activity

A

Phosphorylate adenylate cyclase in some cells

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17
Q

What protein is linked to phospholipase C activation?

A

Gq-mediated protein receptor

18
Q

What second messengers does PLC produce?

A

IP3 and DAG

19
Q

What is associated with PLC activation?

A

Ca-channel activation

20
Q

Action of IP3

A

Binds to IP3 receptors on the ER to release the intracellular Ca stores

21
Q

Action of DAG

A

Remains membrance associated, activates protein kinase C

22
Q

Activation of PKC

A

Translocates from the cytosol to the membrane. PKC will phosphorylate other proteins and alter their function state

23
Q

What causes IP3-mediated Ca release?

A

PLC

24
Q

NO’s effect on cGMP levels?

A

Increases cGMP levels

25
Q

What does guanylate cyclase do?

A

Forms cGMP from GTP when receptors are occiped

26
Q

How is NO formed

A

Arginine is broken down into NO citrulline by nitric oxide synthase

27
Q

What activates NO synthase?

A

Ca/calmodulin complex

28
Q

Why is NO a unique second messenger?

A

it is membrane soluble

29
Q

NO’s action for increasing cGMP

A

activates a souble, cytosolic type of guanylate cyclase (which synthisizes cGMP)

30
Q

What breaks down cGMP?

A

Phosphodiesterases

31
Q

Nicotinic receptor

A

Subunit form a central cavity that extends across the membrane. Ach binds to create a conformational change.

32
Q

Types of nicotinic receptors found in skeletal muscle

A

N1 or Nm

33
Q

Types of nicotinic receptors found in autonomic ganglia

A

N2 or Ng

34
Q

Muscarinic receptor

A

Operate thru G-proteins to alter activity of multiple 2nd messenger systems

35
Q

Muscarinic receptor that activate PLC

A

(the odd ones) m1, m3, m5

36
Q

Muscarinic receptor that inhibit adenylate cyclase

A

Even ones: m2 and m4

37
Q

3 families of adrenergic receptors

A

Beta-receptors, alph1-receptor, alpha2-receptors

38
Q

What is coupled to all adrenergic receptors?

A

G-proteins

39
Q

Beta-adrenergic receptors

A

Gs-mediated stimulation of adenylate cyclase

40
Q

Alpha 1- adrenergic receptors

A

Gq- mediated PLC activation

41
Q

Alpha 2-adrenergic receptors

A

Gi-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase. G0 activates K+ channels

42
Q

What happens to the cell when K channels are activated?

A

Hyperpolarizes cells

Medical Physiology (8 decks)

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