Signs Flashcards
(15 cards)
Causes of Tachypnoea
Caused by O2 too low or CO2 too high
Physiological (exercise)
Respiratory (Asthma, COPD, PE, Pneumonia, Pneumothorax, Pulmonary fibrosis, Pleural effusion, CO poisoning)
Cardiac (Heart failure)
Psychological (Anxiety)
Metabolic (Diabetic ketoacidosis)
Infective (Sepsis, Pneumonia)
Trauma (Foreign body inhalation)
Autoimmune (allergic reaction)
Shock (Cardiogenic, distributive[sepsis, anaphylactic], mechanical/obstructive, hypovolaemia)
VITAMIN CDE
https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/clinical-examinations/respiratory-examination/causes-tachypnoea-low-resp-rate/
Causes of Bradypnoea?
Respiratory (Respiratory failure, Exhausation in late stage obstruction; Asthma (lifethreatening/ near fatal))
Drugs (Opiate overdose, sedation, intoxication)
Iatrogenic (Sedation)
CNS (Raised intracranial pressure)
Hypothyroidism
https://medschool.co/signs/bradypnoea
Causes of Dyspnoea
see ‘my ponderings’ notes
The demand for increased ventilation, often to restore homeostasis, can’t be met by body. Because all body’s have physiological limits, but some are met sooner in pathology.
Cardiac (Arrhythmias, Myocardial causes, Coronary vessel causes, valvular causes, pericardial causes, congenital causes)
Respiratory (obstructive causes, restrictive causes, alveolar causes, interstital causes, vascular causes)
Metabolic (Thyroid disease, cushings syndrome)
Haematological (Anaemia, Carbon monoxide poisoning)
Psychogenic (anxiety, panic attacks)
Neurological (Polio, Guillain-barre syndrome, Myasthenia gravis)
Physiological (Exercise, obesity)
Sepsis
Shock (Cardiogenic, sepsis)
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/continued-Causes-of-dyspnoea_tbl2_288887541
Cardiac causes of Dyspnoea?
Arrhythmia (AFib, Sinus tachy, Sick sinus syndrome/bradycardia, VTachy, VFib)
Myocardial (Congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathy, hypertensive heart disease, myocarditis)
Coronary vessels (ACS)
Valvular (Aortic stenosis/regurg, Mitral stenosis/regurg, Tricuspid stenosis/regurg, Pulmonic stenosis/regurg)
Pericardial (Pericarditis, pericardial effusion, pericardial tamponade, pericardial constriction)
Congenital (Atrial septal defect, tetralogy of fallot)
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/continued-Causes-of-dyspnoea_tbl2_288887541
Respiratory causes of Dyspnoea?
Obstructive (Asthma, COPD, Bronchitis, Bronchiectasis, Obstructive sleep apnoea)
Restrictive (Interstital lung disease, sarcoidosis, kyphoscoliosis, obesity, pleural disease/effusion, pneumothorax)
Alveolar (TB, Pneumonia, aspiration, Bronchoalveolar carcinoma)
Interstitial (Drugs [Methotrexate, Amiodarone], Radiation therapy, Pulmonary oedema, lymphangitic spread of malignancy)
Vascular (PE, Idiopathic pulmonary hypertension)
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/continued-Causes-of-dyspnoea_tbl2_288887541
Whats respiratory failure?
Respiratory failure occurs when the respiratory system fails to maintain gas exchange, resulting in hypoxia or hypercapnia.
Respiratory failure occurs due mainly either to lung failure resulting in hypoxaemia or pump failure resulting in alveolar hypoventilation and hypercapnia
Causes of Bradycardia?
Bradycardia is also an important physiological indicator. It may be normal with physical conditioning or due to:
* Hypothyroidism
* Hypothermia
* Heart block
* Medication, e.g. β-blockers
* CNS depression
Causes of tachycardia?
Tachycardia May be indicative of:
* Circulatory compromise due to sepsis or volume depletion
* Cardiac failure
* Pyrexia
* Pain
* General distress
* Cardiac arrhythmia
* Metabolic disturbance, e.g. hyperthyroidism
* Drug intoxication, e.g. sympathomimetics or anticholinergic drugs
Site of abdominal pain gives important clues about the organ involved:
Causes of lactate elevation?
https://www.grepmed.com/images/11757/lactate
Lactic acidosis is a common finding in DKA. Is it fully understood why?
No
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3962942/
Lactate a marker of tissue hypoperfusion?
It can be. But remember there are non-hypoperfusion causes of increased lactate too.
Ischaemia in tissue leads to anaerobic respiration and thus production of lactate. (may then later lead to infarction)
Anaerobic respiration ensues. Therefore most tissuses must have a source of glucose independent from the blood stream. (all be it a finite source)
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11010-020-04019-8#Sec14
https://www.karger.com/article/fulltext/338086
Causes of Lactic acidosis
Haemoptysis causes?
Haematemesis causes?
Think anatomically:
Oesphagus= Oesphageal varices, Mallory Weiss tear, Oesphagitis, Oesphageal cancer
Stomach= Gastric ulcer (caused by: H. Pylori, Nsaids, stress, aspirin), Stomach cancer, gastritis, Varices, Mallory Weiss.
Duodenum= Duodenal ulcer, Duodenitis
Others:
Radiation poisoning.
Uncommon infections of the gut.
Injury.
No cause identified. Even after tests, in some cases the cause cannot be found.
https://patient.info/digestive-health/vomiting-blood-haematemesis
