Signs & Symptoms

Question 1

what is jaundice?

Answer 1

yellowing of the skin

Question 2

what is the cause of jaundice

Answer 2

high levels of bilirubin in blood which happens due to an obstruction of the biliary tree

Question 3

what is the pathophysiology of jaundice

Answer 3

bile backs up into liver so overspill into blood

Question 4

3 corner stones of presenting symptoms of excess bile in blood…

Answer 4

jaundice, pale stools, dark urine, itch

Question 5

investigations for jaundice

Answer 5

USS, CT

Question 6

how is jaundice classified

Answer 6

in terms of site and type

site: pre-hepatic, hepatic, post-hepatic
type: conjugated and un-conjugate

Question 7

what does pre-hepatic jaundice mean?

Answer 7

too much haem to break down (heamolysis of any cause)

Question 8

what does hepatic jaundice mean?

Answer 8

acute liver failure, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis, bile duct loss

Question 9

what is post-hepatic jaundice

Answer 9

congenital biliary atresia, gallstones, strictures, tumours

Question 10

main indicator of pre-hepatic jaundice?

Answer 10

reduced haemoglobin

Question 11

main marker of hepatic jaundice

Answer 11

raised bilirubin, AST/ALT

Question 12

what is the main marker of post-hepatic jaundice

Answer 12

raised bilirubin, ALP ad slightly raised AST/ALT

Question 13

what is the definition of diarrhoea?

Answer 13

> 3 unformed stools per day

Question 14

complications of diarrhoea?

Answer 14

metabolic acidosis, hypokalaemia, dehydration

Question 15

tx for diarrhoea

Answer 15

rehydration therapy and antidiarrhoeal agents

Question 16

what is malabsorption

Answer 16

defective mucosal absorption

Question 17

causes of malabsorption

Answer 17

crohn’s, post-infectious, biliary obstruction, cirrhosis

Question 18

types of malabsorption?

Answer 18

fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals

Question 19

some signs of malabsorption?

Answer 19

flatulence, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, steatorrhea, distension, fever

Question 20

ix for lactose malabsorption

Answer 20

lactose breath hydrogen test, oral lactose intolerant test

Question 21

what is the name of the disease that involves colonisation of intestine by infectious agent and who’s treatment is tetracycline and folic acid

Answer 21

tropical sprue

Question 22

what is whipple’s disease and tx for it

Answer 22

bacterial disease for which antimicrobials are given

Question 23

what is parasitic infection usually due to and what is the tx

Answer 23

contaminated water & metronidazole

Question 24

what are the main organisms for small bowel overgrowth and ix & tx for this

Answer 24

e-coli & bacteriodes
schilling test
tetracyclines

Question 25

what is malnutrition

Answer 25

deficit of energy, minerals, vitamins, proteins which has an adverse effect on body

Question 26

what are some consequences of malnutrition

Answer 26

impaired immune function, delayed healing, immobility, muscle weakness

Question 27

what measurement is used to identify malnutrition

Answer 27

anthropometry (mid arm circumference), BMI

Question 28

tx for malnutrition

Answer 28

oral supplements, enteral tube feeding, parenteral tube feeding

Question 29

types of enteral tubes?

Answer 29

NG tube, NJ tube, PEG

Question 30

what can be fatal as a consequence of malnutrition?

Answer 30

refeeding syndrome

Question 31

what is the the FOODMAP diet a recommended tx for

Answer 31

IBS

Question 32

IBD nutritional tx?

Answer 32

EEN

Question 33

what are ulcers?

Answer 33

discontinuity of oral mucosa

Question 34

what are the 3 types of ulcers?

Answer 34

solitary, multiple, recurrent, aphthous

Question 35

what are solitary ulcers caused by?

Answer 35

trauma, malignancy, infective

Question 36

what are multiple (Rau) ulcers caused by?

Answer 36

stress, haematenitic deficiency, GI disease

Question 37

what do aphthous ulcers look like?

Answer 37

painful round ulcers with inflammatory halo

Question 38

True/False... | aphthous ulcers are more common in females

Answer 38

True

Question 39

cause of aphthous ulcers?

Answer 39

unknown- may be iron deficiency, infection, systemic disease

Question 40

what are the 2 types of mouth lesions?

Answer 40

leukoplakia, erythoplakia

Question 41

causes of mouth lesions?

Answer 41

bechets, anaemia, infection, malignancy

Question 42

True/False... | leukoplakia is more common in people with cancer

Answer 42

False... | erythroplakia is more common in malignancy

Question 43

what is an oral manifestation of crohn's?

Answer 43

cobblestoning of mucosa, tissue polyps, linear ulceration, diffuse swelling

Question 44

oral manifestations of UC?

Answer 44

oral ulceration

Question 45

what are some oral manifestations of GI disease?

Answer 45

white patches, oral pigmentation, xerostomia (dry mouth), dental erosion

Question 46

what is visceral pain like?

Answer 46

dull, poorly localised, perceived in middle

Question 47

what is somato-parietal pain like?

Answer 47

sharp, localised, movement aggravates pain

Question 48

other than visceral and somato-parietal pain what is the 3rd type of GI pain?

Answer 48

referred

Question 49

what is epigastric pain usually associated with?

Answer 49

food intake

Question 50

what is hypochondrial pain associated with?

Answer 50

gall bladder/ biliary tract

Question 51

colonic pain is associated with...

Answer 51

left iliac fossa

Question 52

appendicitis is associated with...

Answer 52

right iliac fossa