SIMPLE and COMPLEX lipids

Question 1

Simple Lipids
➡️ Waxes

Answer 1

•esters formed from long-chain fatty acids and long-chain alcohols

Question 2

most natural waxes are: mixtures of such ______

Answer 2

esters.

Question 3

Plant waxes

Answer 3

•protection from dehydration and invasion

Question 4

Carnauba wax

Answer 4

•used extensively in floor waxes, automobile waxes, and furniture polish; largely myricyl cerotate

Question 5

Animals

Answer 5

•protective coatings, keeping the surface of feathers, skin, and hair pliable and water repellent.

Question 6

Myricyl cerotate -> (found in _____ wax)

Answer 6

carnauba wax

Question 7

Complex lipids
➡️ phospholipids and glycolipids

Answer 7

Membrane lipids
•found in cell
•make up 80% of membrane mass
•boundary

Question 8

3 types:

Answer 8

1. Phospholipids
2. Sphingoglyco- lipids
3. Cholesterol

Question 9

Phospholipids

Answer 9

• contain an alcohol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group

Question 10

2 types of Phospholipids

Answer 10

1. Glycerophospholipids
   2.Sphingolipids

Question 11

Glycerophospholipids

Answer 11

•the alcohol is glycerol

Question 12

Sphingolipids

Answer 12

•the alcohol is sphingosine

Question 13

Most abundant

Answer 13

Phospholipids

Question 14

components of Phospholipids:

Answer 14

1. One or more fa
2. PO4
3. A platform molecule ➡️ fa and PO4 are attached; 3C glycerol (Glycerophospholipid) or a complex C18 aminodialcohol/ sphingosine (sphingophospholipid)
4. Alcohol- attached to the PO4 group

Question 15

Phospholipids have

________ head and ______ tail

Answer 15

Hydrophilic head and Hydrophobic tails

Question 16

Hydrophilic head:

Answer 16

•chlorine
•phosphate
•glycerol

Question 17

Hydrophobic tails:

Answer 17

•fatty acids

Question 18

Glycerophospholipids

Answer 18

•2fa + PO4 esterified to a glycerol and an alcohol esterified to a PO4 group

•Bond: 4Ester linkage

Question 19

Phosphoglyceride

Answer 19

•phosphatidylethanolamines or cephalins

•phosphatidylcholines or lecithins

Question 20

phosphatidylethanolamines or cephalins

Answer 20

➡️ found in brain tissue and nerves and also have a role in blood clotting.

Question 21

phosphatidylcholines or lecithins

Answer 21

➡️ important constituents of nerve and brain tissue.

ex: egg yolk are especially rich in lecithins

•commercial-grade lecithins isolated from soybeans are widely used in foods as emulsifying agents (milk-casein; mayo-egg yolk)

Question 22

Due to ester linkage, it undergoes both _______ and ______reactions similar to Triacylglycerols.

Answer 22

saponification and hydrolysis

Question 23

Phosphoric acid

Answer 23

•parent source for the (-) charged PO4 group

Question 24

OH ➡️ 1 of 3 amino alcohol

Answer 24

a. chlorine
b. ethanolamine
c. serine

Question 25

Phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine

Answer 25

AA

Question 26

characteristics:

Answer 26

1. Component of cell membranes 2. Polar (due to their structure) 3. Amphipathic ex: phosphatidylcholines (aka lecithin) w/ stearic and oleic acid); polar head and nonpolar tail

Question 27

Phosphatidylcholines

Answer 27

•waxy solids •forms colloidal suspension in water •source; eggyolk and soybeans •prevalent in cell membranes •made by the liver although supplements are available •used as emulsifiers (ex. mayonnaise, ice cream, custard)

Question 28

Cephalin

Answer 28

•phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphoaridylserine •found in the ehe art and liver tissue •brain- high concentrations • important in blood clotting

Question 29

Sphingophospholipids

Answer 29

•sphingomyelin - simplest Sphingolipid; important in nerve cells. •contains a : ➡️ fatty acid ➡️ phosphoric acid ➡️ sphingosine; ➡️choline

Question 30

Sphingophospholipid also undergo ______reaction.

Answer 30

saponification

Question 31

Amide linkage behave as ________ in the reaction.

Answer 31

ester linkage

Question 32

Cerebrosides

Answer 32

•composed of: ➡️ sphingosine ➡️ fatty acid ➡️ galactose or glucose •resemble sphingomyeline but have a sugar unit in a place of the choline phosphate group. •important constituents of the membranes of nerve and brains cells

Question 33

Gangliosides

Answer 33

•branched chain of up to 6 monosaccharides residues •gray matter of the brain and in myelins sheath •more complex •branched chain of three to eight monosaccharides and/or substituted sugars.

Question 34

_____ varieties of Gangliosides due to sugar units.

Answer 34

130 varieties

Question 35

•cell-to-cell recognition and communication processes •most prevalent in the outer membranes of nerve cells

Answer 35

Gangliosides

Question 36

Cerebrosides and Gangliosides contain sugar groups: classifies as _______

Answer 36

Glycolipids

Question 37

Steroids

Answer 37

Nonsaponifiable • bile salts, cholesterol, and related compounds, and certain hormones (such as cortisone and the sex hormones)

Question 38

Steroids occur in ____, _____,_____, and ____ but not in bacteria.

Answer 38

plants, animals, yeasts, and molds

Question 39

characteristic structural components of Steroid:

Answer 39

• 4 fused rings

Question 40

Cholesterol

Answer 40

•the most abundant steroid in the human body (240g is a typical amount)

Question 41

Excess cholesterol

Answer 41

factor in atherosclerosis and heart disease

Question 42

about _________ cholesterol is interspersed in the lipid bolster of cell membranes

Answer 42

half of the body’s

Question 43

much of the rest of the cholesterol is converted to _______ acid ➡️ used in the formation of ____ salts.

Answer 43

chronic acid; bile salts

Question 44

Cholesterol is a precursor in the synthesis of ____ hormones, ____ hormones, and vitamin ___.

Answer 44

sex hormones, adrenal hormones, and vitamin D .

Question 45

Cholesterol in the gallbladder precipitates in the form of ______.

Answer 45

gallstones

Question 46

Greek “chole” , meaning ______; and “stereos”, meaning _______

Answer 46

chole ➡️ bile stereos ➡️ solid

Question 47

Lipoproteins

Answer 47

•carriers of cholesterol •transporter of fats •contain a core hydrophobic lipid molecules surrounded by a shell of hydrophilic molecules sya h as proteins and phospholipids

Question 48

4 kinds of Lipoproteins:

Answer 48

1. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) 2. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) 3. Very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL) 4. Chylomicrons

Question 49

“good cholesterol” consists of about 33% protein and about 30% cholesterol

Answer 49

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

Question 50

“bad cholesterol” contains only 25% protein but 50% cholesterol

Answer 50

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

Question 51

mostly carries triglycerides( fats) synthesized by the liver

Answer 51

Very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL)

Question 52

carries dietary lipids synthesized in the intestine

Answer 52

Chylomicrons

Question 53

Transport of Cholesterol in LDL

Answer 53

•large VLDL particle (core contains triglycerides and cholesteryl esters➡️ cholesteryl linoleate) •surrounded by a polar coat of phospholipids and proteins •VLDL is carried in the serum

Question 54

coated pits

Answer 54

(Specific LDL-receptor molecules line the cell surface in certain concentrated areas)