Simple Solutions Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
a substance, usually a liquid, that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving
the component of a solution that is present in greater amount.
A
Solvent
2
Q
the substance being dissolved in the solvent
A
Solute
3
Q
ADVANTAGES OF SOLUTIONS
A
- Complete and rapid Release of active ingredients from formulation.
- Gives the highest bioavailability in general.
- Ease of use.
- Dose is uniform.
- The only type of dosage form that can be given intravenously.
4
Q
DISADVANTAGES OF SOLUTIONS
A
- Bulky
- Specialized containers are needed for parenteral products.
- Poor chemical stability
- Difficult to mask foul tasting drugs
- Usually require preservatives
5
Q
Free from bacteria, impurities, and alike
Common in hospital setting
A
Sterile Solution
6
Q
Examples of sterile solutions
A
Nasal solution
Parenteral
Opthalmic
Irrigation
7
Q
its contents have not been sterilized, or treated with a process during manufacturing to eliminate potential microorganisms.
A
Non-sterile solutions
8
Q
Examples of non-sterile solutions
A
Aromatic Waters
Elixirs
Spirits
Tinctures
Fluid Extracts
Syrups
9
Q
refers to the maximum amount of a solute that can be dissolved in an amount of solvent under specific temperature and pressure conditions.
A
SOLUBILITY
10
Q
the solubility of an agent in a particular solvent indicates the maximum concentration to which a solution may be prepared with that solvent.
A
Solvent
11
Q
A number of medicinal agents provided in a dry powder or granule form
A
Dry mixture of solution, reconstitution
12
Q
Reminders for reconstitution
A
Specified amount of water -> typically purified
typically done to antimicrobials
loosen the powder before mixing
13
Q
Solutions are typically _________ in nature, has ________
A
homogeneous, uniformity
14
Q
Surrounding the solute with solvent particles
A
SOLVATION
15
Q
DESCRIPTIVE TERMS OF SOLUBILITY
A
Very soluble = < 1
Freely soluble = 1 - 10
Soluble = 10 - 30
Sparingly soluble = 30 - 100
Slightly soluble = 100 - 1000
Very slightly soluble = 1000 - 10000
Practically insoluble = > 10000
16
Q
concentrated solution, no solute can be dissolve
A
Saturated solution
17
Q
diluted solution, more solute can be diluted
A
Unsaturated solution
18
Q
I2 solubility
A
2950 ml, Very slightly soluble
19
Q
Other solvents aside from water:
A
(i) Alcohol, USP
(ii) Diluted Alcohol, NF
(iii) Rubbing Alcohol
(iv) Glycerin, USP,
(v) Isopropyl Rubbing Alcohol
(vi) Propylene Glycol, USP
(vii) Oil
20
Q
pH of solvents
A
Applies to salts
21
Q
MAJOR FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY
A
- Solvent
- Temperature
- pH of the solvent
- The various chemical and other physical properties of both the solute and solvent
- Pressure
- The state of subdivision of the solute -> particle size
- The physical agitation
22
Q
Weak bases
A
alkaloids
antihistamines
local anesthetics
23
Q
Weak acids
A
barbiturate drugs
sulfonamides
24
Q
Optimal pH
A
7.4
25
The introduction of ____________ into a molecule tends to decrease water solubility because of an increase in the molecular weight of the compound without a proportionate increase in polarity.
halogen atoms
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_____________ in the molecular weight of an organic compound without a change in polarity reduces solubility in
water.
Increase
27
Most pharmaceutical solutions are ___________.
unsaturated with solute
28
Solutions of this type are prepared by dissolving the solute in a suitable solvent (by stirring or heating).
The solvent may contain other ingredients which stabilize or solubilize the active ingredient.
Simple Solution
29
These solutions are prepared by reacting two or more solutes with each other in a suitable solvent
Solution by Chemical Reaction
30
Plant or animal products are prepared by suitable extraction process.
Solution by Extraction
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Preparations of this type may be classified as solutions but more often, are classified as ____________
extractives
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agents that resist pH change
Buffers
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Important for sterile solutions
makes solutions less sensitive
Isotonicity
34
Used to protect the solutions against microorganisms
Preservatives
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Characteristics of a good preservative
Used to protect the solutions against wide spectrum of microorganisms
Stable
Non-toxic and non-senstazing
compatible with other ingredients
free of taste and odor
36
Examples of acidic preservatives
Benzoic acid
Paraben -> Toxic
Natural -> alcohol
Mercurials -> thimerosal
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Example of Basic preservatives
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
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EDTA
ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
39
Agents that inhibits oxidation
Antioxidants
40
ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) are _________ and _________
sequestering agents; chelating agent
41
Sweetening agents
Sucrose
Polyhydric alcohols
42
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN MAKING SOLUTIONS
1. Solution pH
2. Buffers
3. Isotonicity
4. Viscosity
5. Preservatives
6. Antioxidants
7. Sweetening agents
8. Flavors and perfumes
43
A solution must retain its clarity, colour, odour, taste and viscosity over its shelf life.
STABILITY OF SOLUTIONS
44
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLUTIONS
I. According to Route of Administration
II. Other solutions can be classified according to their composition or use
III. Classification of Solutions According to Vehicle
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A. Internal Solutions
1. Oral Solutions
2. Parenteral Solutions
46
B. External Solutions
1. Otic
2. Ophthalmic
3. Topical
4. Nasal
5. Vaginal
6. Rectal
7. Oral
8. Dermal
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Other solutions can be classified according to their composition or use
1. Syrups
2. Elixirs
3. Spirits
4. Aromatic Waters
5. Tinctures or Fluid Extracts
6. Injections
48
III. Classification of Solutions According to Vehicle
A. Aqueous solutions
B. Non-aqueous solutions
49
homogeneous mixtures that are prepared by dissolving a solid, liquid or gas in an aqueous medium
Aqueous Solutions
50
used both as vehicle and as a solvent for the desired flavoring or medicinal ingredients.
Water
51
Types of Water
Water
Purified Water
Water for Injection
Tap Water
Freshly Boiled and Cooled Water
52
Is hydrogen monoxide (H2O), is a clear colorless liquid, practically odorless and tasteless.
used as solvent as in the extraction of vegetable drugs and in the manufacture of few preparations used externally as precipitating agent or for the purification of certain water insoluble products.
Water
53
purified by distillation or ion-exchange treatment.
used in compounding sterile preparations applied externally specially for those intended for open wounds
used for official test and assay and in general for compounding the majority of
pharmaceutical preparations.
Purified Water
54
used as a solvent for the preparation of parenteral solutions
Water for Injection
55
not permitted to use for the dispensing of pharmaceutical dosage forms due to its possible bacterial contamination and the presence of dissolved salts that destroy the active ingredients or enhance their decomposition.
Tap Water
56
seldom used to destroy vegetative bacteria
Boiling
57
an aqueous solution, which is directed against a part or into a cavity of the body. It functions as a cleansing or antiseptic agent.
Douche
58
These preparations are rectal injections
Enemas
59
aqueous solutions frequently containing antiseptics, antibiotics and/or anesthetics used for treating the pharynx (throat) and nasopharynx by forcing air from the lungs
Gargle
60
are used as a dosage form for a number of specific problems in the oraI cavity.
Mouthwash
61
usually aqueous solutions designed to be administered to the nasal passages in drops or sprays.
Nasal Solutions
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solutions of drugs in aqueous vehicles and are applied to the mucous membrane of the nose and throat by means of an atomizer nebulizer.
Sprays
63
main classes of drugs used for topical administration to the ear include local anesthetics, these preparations
include the main types of solvents used, namely glycerin or water.
Otic Solutions
64
Sterile, non pyrogenic solutions used to wash or bathe surgical incisions, wounds or body tissues. These products may be prepared by dissolving the active ingredient in Water for Injection.
Irrigation Solutions
65
Calcium Hydroxide Solution synonyms
(Lime hydrate/caustic lime/limewater)
66
Calcium Hydroxide Solution Uses
• Astringent
• Topical Protective
• Antacid
• Calcium Supplement (oral solution)
67
Astringent
styptic -> Toner -> decrease pore size
68
Local variety of Calcium Hydroxide Solution
Nganga; buwa-buwa
69
Protects against extraneous solids and loss of drug under ordinary conditions of handling, shipment, storage, and distribution
Well-closed container
70
Protects from extraneous solids, liquids, or vapors, from loss of drug, and from efflorescence, deliquescence or evaporation, and loss of drug under ordinary conditions of handling, shipment, storage, and distribution
Tight container
71
Impervious to air or any other gases under ordinary conditions of handling, shipment, storage & distribution
Hermetic container
72
Protects the contents from photochemical deterioration
Light-resistant container
73
Example of Light-resistant container
Amber bottles
74
Strong Iodine Solution synonym
Lugol’s solution
75
Strong Iodine Solution Clinical correlation:
Thyroid crisis (storm), also called thyrotoxicosis
Hyperthyroidism
76
a condition in which the thyroid gland makes too much
thyroid hormone
Hyperthyroidism:
77
sudden worsening of hyperthyroidism symptoms that may occur with infection or stress. Fever, decreased mental alertness, and abdominal pain may occur.
Thyrotoxicosis: Thyroid crisis (storm)
78
Cold Place
a. Freezer
-25 to -10 Celsius
79
Cold Place
b. Refrigerator
2 to 8 Celsius
80
Cool
8 to 15 Celsius
81
Room Temperature
20 to 25 Celsius
82
Controlled Room Temperature
0 to 15 Celsius
83
Warm
30 to 40 Celsius
84
Excessive Heat
> 40 Celsius
85
PVP
Polyvinylpyrrolidone
86
Strong Iodine Solution Uses
• Treatment of thyrotoxicosis
• Germicide, Fungicide
• Keratolytic
• Usually administered internally for the systemic effect of iodine
87
Other iodine-containing products:
i. Iodine tincture (Mild Tincture of Iodine/Weak Solution of Iodine)
ii. Povidone Iodine Solution
88
Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution prepared from vegetable drugs of from chemical substances. Contains
active principles from crude drugs.
Tinctures
89
Anticoagulant Sodium Citrate Solution Synonym
Liquor Sodii Citratus
90
Anticoagulant Sodium Citrate Solution Mechanism of action
The solution prevents the coagulation of the blood by
virtue of the citrate ion’s ability to bind to calcium ions of
the blood to form a nonionizing calcium citrate complex.
91
Anticoagulant Sodium Citrate Solution use
Employed for the preparation of blood for fractionation,
for banked blood transfusion and for the preparation of
citrated human plasma.
92
Type I Glass Container
Highly resistant borosilicate glass
93
Type II Glass Container
Treated Sodalime
94
Type III Glass Container
Sodalime
95
Type IV/NP Glass Container
Non-parental
96
Use of Types I, II, III glasses
Parental products
97
Use of IV glass
General containers
98
Tests for I, III, IV glasses
Powdered glass test
99
Test for II glass
Water attack test
