Sinav 1

Question 1

The parts of a neuron

Answer 1

Dendrite, nucleus, soma, axon, myelin sheath, node of ranvier, Schwann cell, axon terminal

Question 2

What do they do Schwann cells

Answer 2

Produce myelin sheath

Question 3

Neuron classifications

Answer 3

Sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), interneurons

Question 4

What do different neurons do

Answer 4

Sensory - carry impulse from receptor to CNS
Motor - carry impulse from CNS to an effector organ
Interneurons - found in the CNS where interpretation of stimuli occurs. Provides link between sensory and motor neurons.

Question 5

Neuroglia

Answer 5

Supporting cells of neurons

Provide support and nutrition to neurons

Question 6

Microglia

Answer 6

The immune system of the CNS.

Question 7

Impulse

Answer 7

Electrochemical change on neurons resulting from inner / external changes and effects

Question 8

Threshold

Answer 8

Is an a level that if reached, something occurs

Question 9

All or none principle

Answer 9

If a threshold is reached is produces the same input on neuron

Question 10

Neurotransmitters

Answer 10

Chemicals released from a neuron into the synaptic cleft and binds on the receptor of post synaptic neuron, therefore initiates stimulus

Question 11

Resting potential

Answer 11

The difference in charge across a membrane when the neuron is not firing. The inside is more negative.

Question 12

Polarization

Answer 12

The resting potential that is generated by a neuron through the use of electronegativity

Question 13

Action potential

Answer 13

Rapid changes when a neuron fires

Question 14

Depolarization

Answer 14

When stimuli is received, the neuron opens sodium channels at the axon

Question 15

Threshold potential

Answer 15

The level of depolarization to initiate an action potential.

Question 16

Threshold potential can also be called

Answer 16

All of none principle

Question 17

Repolarization phase

Answer 17

Returns membrane potential to its original state

Question 18

Draw picture of polarization, depolarization and repolarization

Answer 18

Look at page 5

Question 19

Neurotransmitter types

Answer 19

Excitory neurotransmitters = enhances the effect of the action potential
Inhibitory neurotransmitters = prevents the action potential

Question 20

Ranvier node number, thickness of nerve and myelin sheath affect on impulse speed

Answer 20

Thickness and myelin sheath are proportional

Ranvier node number is inverse proportional

Question 21

During transmission of impulse

Answer 21

ATP usage increases
Cellular respiration increases
Heat increases
Glucose o2 decreases, co2 increases

Question 22

Impulse number increases with

Answer 22

Strength of stimuli
Frequency of stimuli
Duration of stimuli

Question 23

Polarization properties

Answer 23

Active transportation

ATP usage

Question 24

In nerve bundles, how does stimuli affect response and why

Answer 24

Because of neurons with different thresholds, the strength of the impulse increases with stimuli

Question 25

Process of synaptic transmission

Answer 25

Signal arrives axon terminal, calcium gate opens, calcium enters neuron and signals the neurotransmitter vesicles, the vesicles dock at the membrane to open neurotransmitter release, neurotransmitters are released via exocytosis, neurotransmitters bind to receptors, signal initiated in the post synaptic cell

Question 26

Multicellular animals must maintain an internal environment and respond to an external environment. What do they use and what are the functions of them

Answer 26

Nervous system and endocrine system Nervous system Receive input, integrate input, respond to stimulus.

Question 27

Skull, ... , .... , .... , brain

Answer 27

Dura matter, arachnoid matter (no blood vessels), , cerebrospinal fluid, Pia matter (blood vessels)

Question 28

CNS

Answer 28

Brain and spinal cord

Question 29

Brain

Answer 29

Forebrain, mid brain, hind brain

Question 30

Forebrain

Answer 30

Cerebrum, diencephalon

Question 31

Diencephalon

Answer 31

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

Question 32

Hind brain

Answer 32

Cerebellum, medulla oblongata, pons

Question 33

Cerebrum does what

Answer 33

Learning memory intelligence

Question 34

Outer part contains

Answer 34

Gray matter (unmyelinated axons, somas, dendrites)

Question 35

Inner part contains

Answer 35

White matter (primarily myelinated axons)

Question 36

Corpus callasum

Answer 36

Connects the 2 hemispheres

Question 37

Hypothalamus

Answer 37

Homeostasis ( hunger, sleep, thirst, temperature, blood pressure) Pituary gland (links nervous system with endocrine system)

Question 38

Thalamus

Answer 38

Relay station for sensory input (except smell)

Question 39

Epithalamus

Answer 39

secrets melatonin with the help of pituary gland

Question 40

Midbrain

Answer 40

Muscle tone posture and reflex center for visual and auditory responses

Question 41

Cerebellum

Answer 41

Coordinates muscle action, posture, balance

Question 42

Medulla oblangata

Answer 42

Vital reflexes ( vomiting, coughing,hiccuping) Regulated heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure The neural pathways cross at here

Question 43

Pons

Answer 43

Connects the 2 hemispheres impulses

Question 44

Innate reflex

Answer 44

Genetic, swallowing, blinking, sucking your thumb

Question 45

Acquired reflex

Answer 45

Walking,playing an instrument, driving, salivating from lemons

Question 46

PNS

Answer 46

Somatic | Autonomic

Question 47

Somatic

Answer 47

Voluntary actions, myelinated neurons

Question 48

Autonomic

Answer 48

Cardiac, smooth muscles and glands

Question 49

Gland types

Answer 49

Exocrine , endocrine

Question 50

Endocrine glands

Answer 50

Are released to the blood stream directly (pituitary, thyroid, thymus...

Question 51

Expcrine glands

Answer 51

Released onto target organ or tissue through the use of a canal or duct Sweat glands, salivatory glands

Question 52

Endocrine system and nervous system

Answer 52

Growth of body Regulating Reproduction and secondary sex charesteristics Stabilize homeostasis Integration and coordination of the body

Question 53

Hormone charesteristics

Answer 53

Endocrine glands, in blood stream Organic In the blood in essential amounts Only effective when they reach a certain concentration Some hormones affect certain tissue but some affect the entire body (throxin)

Question 54

Neuroglia CNS

Answer 54

Ependymal Oligodendrites Astrocytes Microglia

Question 55

Neuroglia PNS

Answer 55

Satellite cells | Schwann cells

Question 56

Ependymal cells

Answer 56

Fit in cavities of cns

Question 57

Oligodendrites

Answer 57

Produce myelinated sheath

Question 58

Microglia

Answer 58

Nutrition and immunity from pathogens

Question 59

Astrocytes

Answer 59

Material exchange Provides blood brain barrier Prevents harmful materials from entering

Question 60

Schwann cells

Answer 60

PNS myelinated sheath

Question 61

Satellite cells

Answer 61

Physical protection in PNS

Question 62

Meninges

Answer 62

Dura matter, arachnoid matter, pia matter