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SIO 10 > SIO 10 midterm studying > Flashcards

SIO 10 midterm studying Flashcards

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1
Q

Geologists see

A

How rocks transformed.
Layers were once horizontal re now tilted.
Erosion has created high cliffs.
Part of the history of the Earth.

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2
Q

Geology

A

Is the study of this part of the Earth. Also called Geosciences or Earth Sciences.

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3
Q

Geologists

A

Someone who studies the Earth exploring diverse regions

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4
Q

Geology sub-disciplines

A 
Environmental Geology
Geochemistry
Geophysics
Sedimentary
Structural Geology
Tectonics
Volcanology
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5
Q

Major Divisions

A

Eons and Eras

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6
Q

Eons

A

Phanerozoic
Proterozoic
Archean
Hadean

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7
Q

Eras

A

Cenozoic, Mesozoic, Paleozoic, PreCambrian

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8
Q

Scientific Method

A

Series steps for analyzing scientific problems

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9
Q

Scientific Method steps

A

Recognize have problem or sparse data that appear to correlate.
Collect More Data
Propose Hypothesis
Test hypothesis

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10
Q

Theory

A

Scientific idea supported by an abundance of facts especially from diverse fields.
Have a physical model for the facts.

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11
Q

Earth

A

Is unique. Temperature, composition, atmosphere favor life. Dynamic and ever changing. Long and complex history. Dynamic and ever changing. Long and complex history.

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12
Q

Conscious thought

A

Leads to curiosity and insight, developed across thousands of generation.

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13
Q

Cosmology

A

Study and structure of evolution of the Universe. Very complicated science.

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14
Q

Renaissance

A

Rebirth of rational thinking

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15
Q

Foucault’s Pendulum

A

Proved that the Earth rotates

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16
Q

Earth’s Circumference

A

˜40,000 km

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17
Q

Eratosthenes Calculations

A

The sun went directly down a deep well at Syene (at the beginning of summer)
Measures the angle of the shadow at the Alexandria Tower.

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18
Q

The Doppler Effect

A

Waves compress or relax with relative motion (sound and light).
Moving towards, sound wave compressed gives higher frequency.
Moving away, waves expand gives lower frequency.

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19
Q

Visible wavelengths

A

400 (blue) 700 (red) nanometers.

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20
Q

Moving star displays Doppler shifted light

A

Stars moving towards Earth are shifted blue, and vice versa (red)

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21
Q

Hubble

A

In 1929 recognized this as a Doppler Shift. Concluded Galaxies were moving away rapidly.
Led to Big Bang Theory.

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22
Q

Big Bang

A

It exploded 13.7 Ga Been expanding ever since.

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23
Q

Light Elements

A

He, Li, Be, B

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24
Q

Gravity resulted in

A

Increases in temperature, density and rate of rotation

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25
Nebulae
Formed flattened discs. Heat and mass from collapse ignited nuclear fusion.
26
Stardust
Stars are true element factories
27
Heavier Elements
C-Fe #6-#26
28
Planet
large solid body orbiting a star, nearly spherical, no objects around it.
29
Small, dense, rocky | Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars
Terrestrial Planets
30
Jovian Planets (Jupiter like)
large, low density, gas-giant *jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune
31
Solar system formation
The ball at the center grows dense and hot Fusion reaction begins; the Sun is born Dust in rings condenses into particles. Particles coalesce to form planetesimals
32
Atmosphere and Oceans
The atmosphere develops from volcanic gases. Enough moisture condenses, oceans are formed.
33
A slice through the Earth
A thin atmosphere, a thin crust of low density rocks, a core of very dense iron alloy.
34
Kuiper Belt
Diffuse band of icy objects at 35-55 Au. Neptune defines the inner band.
35
Asteroid Belt
lies between Jupiter and Mars
36
Magnetic field
Field like giant dipole bar magnet. Extend into space, weaken with distance, forms magnetosphere.
37
Deflects deadly cosmic radiation
Magnetic Field of Van Allen
38
Aurora Australis
Southern lights
39
Atmosphere
Mostly N2 and O2
40
Atmosphere layers
Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere
41
Earth layers
Atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, lithosphere
42
Earth's elemental composition
Fe (32) O (30) Si (15) Mg (14) Others (9)
43
inorganic earth materials
minerals, comprise rocks and hence most of earth, most rocks are silicates
44
igneous
cooled from a liquid
45
Sedimentary
Debris cemented pre-existing rock
46
Metamorphic
Rock altered by pressure and temperature
47
Organic earth materials
contain carbon
48
Volatiles
material that become gas at the surface
49
Earth's layers
The crust, the mantle, the core (outer and inner)
50
With depth
temperature and velocity increase
51
Layers are made of
crust, upper, transitional and lower mantle, liquid outer and solid inner core.
52
Crust
Outermost skin of the planet
53
Continental Crust
Felsic, average thickness 35-40, 2.7 density
54
Oceanic Crust
Mafic, more dense
55
Mantle
Solid rock, 82% of Earth's volume | Upper, Transitional and lower.
56
Core
Outer- Liquid, Inner-Solid
57
Lithosphere
Makes up plates, the outermost, made up of both crust and mantle.
58
Asthenosphere
Mantle below lithosphere
59
Wegeners theory
Land masses move slowly, once a major continent called Pangea.
60
Continental drift
Oceans and continents move, split apart and recombine. Sea floor spreading proves this.
61
Against Continental drift
Viscosity too high, continents and oceans were fixed.
62
Matching geological Units
Mountain belts across the Atlantic, Appalachians, Caledonides.
63
The Magnetic field
Can have normal or reverse polarity, inclination.
64
Paleomagnetism
declination and inclination in rocks often varies from that expected at present position.
65
Polar Wandering
Layered basalts record magnetic charges over time. Inclination and declination indicate changes in position
66
Ocean Floor
Mid-ocean ridges Trenches Fracture zones
67
Ocean Crust
Covered by sediments, high heat flow
68
Marine Magnetic Anomalies
Anomalies created by positive and negative alienation in seafloor basalts. Proves that sea floor spreading does occur
69
Plate Tectonics
Moving plates change the face of Earth. Fragments of lithosphere. ˜20 tectonic plates
70
Wegener
Evidence supporting drift
71
Holmes
Arguing for convection in the mantle
72
Hess/Dietz
Sea-floor spreading hypothesis.
73
Archimedes
The principle of buoyancy
74
Plate boundaries
Location on Earth where tectonic plates meet.
75
Continental Margin
Where lands meets ocean
76
Divergent
Tectonic plates move apart. Ex: The Red Sea.
77
Convergent
Tectonic plates move together
78
Transform
tectonic plates slide sideways
79
Formation of Oceanic Crust
Sea floor spreading opens the axial rift valley. Rising asthenosphere melts, forms mafic magma. Pooled magma solidifies to oceanic crustal rock.
80
Pillow Basalt
Magma quenched at the sea floor
81
Dikes
Preserved magma conduits
82
Gabbro
Deeper magma, same composition as basalt.
83
MORs
Mid-Ocean Ridges
84
Ridges
Hot asthenosphere lies at base of MOR/ | Hoy asthenosphere moves up at ridge axis.
85
Subduction
One plate dives into mantle. Recycles oceanic lithosphere, Earth maintains a constant circumference
86
Subduction features
Accretionary prism, volcanic arc, back arc basin, oceanic trenches
87
Accretionary Prism
Deformed sediment wedges
88
Volcanic Arc
A chain of volcanoes on the overriding plate
89
Back-arc Basin
A marginal sea behind an arc
90
Triple junctions
Places where 3 plate boundaries coincide
91
Transform Boundaries
Plates slide past, not created or destroyed. Ex: The San Andreas Fault
92
Hot Spots
Volcanoes create seamounts
93
Continental Rifting
Rifting of plates. Places where continent is being stretched.
94
Plate Collision
Subduction consumes ocean basins
95
Driving mechanisms
Ridge push, slab pull and mantle convection
96
Volcano
A vent where molten rock comes out of earth
97
Igneous rock
Formed by cooling from melt
98
Magma
Melted rock below the ground
99
Lava
Melted rock above the ground
100
Major types of rocks
Felsic, Intermediate, Mafic and Ultramafic
101
Extrusive
cooling outside of surface
102
Introsive
Cool at depth

SIO 10 (1 decks)

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