Six Sigma | Chapter 6 - DMAIC, Measure

Question 1

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are the Inputs of the methodology?

Answer 1

1. Project Charter
2. Established metrics
3. Problem Statement
4. Roles & Responsibilities

Question 2

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are the Tools of the methodology?

Answer 2

1. Data Collection Tools & Techniques
2. Measurement Scales
3. Validation Techniques
4. Statistical Distributions
5. Data Mining
6. Run Charts
7. Detailed process maps and process charts
8. Stakeholder Tools
9. Process Costs

Question 3

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are the Outputs of the methodology?

Answer 3

1. Well-Defined Processes
2. Baseline Process Capabilities
3. Process parameters affecting CTQ
4. Cost of Poor Quality (COPQ)
5. Measurement Systems

Question 4

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are the objectives of the measure phase?

Answer 4

In Measure phase, our objectives are:

1. Data collection to understand present system better
2. Validation and reliability of measurement system and key metrics
3. Determining the process capability for present system
4. Determining how progress and project success would be measured

Question 5

In DMAIC, for Measure, between continuous and discrete data which one is considered variables and which one is considered attributes?

Answer 5

1. Continuous Data is Variables
2. Discrete data is Attributes

Question 6

In DMAIC, for Measure, what is the definition of continuous data? What are some examples?

Answer 6

This is information that can be measured on a continuum or scale e.g.

1. Weight of packages sent
2. Customer wait time for every customer service call
3. Average speed of cars traveling in a highway

Question 7

In DMAIC, for Measure, how can you identify continuous data?

Answer 7

To identify continuous data, ask the question whether the data can be expressed to any desired level of precision or decimal point e.g. What is the distance covered by the car? This can be answered as 1 mile, 1.1 miles, 1.1.1 miles etc.

Any data that can be measured to any desired level of precision is called continuous data.

Question 8

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are tools used with continuous data?

Answer 8

Data collection:
1. Demographic questions (e.g. age etc.)
2. Fill-in-the-blank questions (e.g. distance covered, temperature, humidity etc.)

Data analysis tools :
1. ANOVA etc.

Question 9

In DMAIC, for Measure, what is the definition of discrete data? What are some examples?

Answer 9

This is a whole number (or count) of attributes like :

1. Number of people buying a product
2. Number of defects per 1000 events
3. Number of satisfied customers

Question 10

In DMAIC, for Measure, how can you identify discrete data?

Answer 10

To identify discrete data, ask the question whether the data can be expressed by 1 level of precision e.g. Is your age equal to or greater than 35 years? This can be answered as Yes or No. There is no further level of precision possible. So, the data type is discrete

Question 11

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are tools used with discrete data?

Answer 11

Data collection:
1. Ranking
2. Rating
3. Yes/No questions etc. - covered in chapter 2: Stakeholders, Customers and financial measures

Data Analysis tools:
1. Chi-square
2. regression etc.

Question 12

In DMAIC, for Measure, why is converting data required?

Answer 12

Data conversion helps in using appropriate tools to analyze data for example, if discrete data is plotted in control charts intended for continuous data, the results will be erroneous; similarly tools like chi-square can only be used for discrete data

Question 13

In DMAIC, for Measure, how do you convert data from discrete to continuous data?

Answer 13

Discrete data are often caused by rounding off the data to too few levels or precision or decimal points.

To convert discrete data to continuous data, try to find out if the data can be expressed in greater level of precision - this can usually be achieved by asking for greater accuracy in data collection.

Question 14

In DMAIC, for Measure, how do you convert data from continuous to discrete data?

Answer 14

Continuous data can easily be converted to discrete data by changing the data collection scale.

Consider a case study where we are trying to determine whether average heights of people in different countries are different. We conduct a survey of 100 people in 50 countries, where we ask every person their heights (the height measurements using this approach is a continuous scale).

To convert the data to discrete type, we can categorize each person’s height as follows:

Less than 4 Feet : Very Short
4 feet to 5 feet : Short
5 feet to 5.5 feet: Average
5.5 feet to 6.2 feet: Tall
Greater than 6.2 feet: Very tall

Please note that using a different measurement scale has helped us convert the continuous data type to discrete data type

Question 15

In DMAIC, for Measure, what do we use to collect data?

Answer 15

Check Sheet(s)

Question 16

In DMAIC, for Measure, why are check sheets important?

Answer 16

Check sheets are very important tools for data collection. Inputs gathered from check sheets can be used for creation of pareto diagrams, cause and effect diagrams etc.

Question 17

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are the steps to create a check sheet?

Answer 17

Creating check sheet - steps involved:

1. Determine the measurement objectives. Ask questions such as “What is the problem?”, “Why should data be collected?”, “Who will use the information being collected?”, “Who will collect the data?”
2. Create a form for collecting data. Determine the specific things that will be measured and write this down the left side of the check sheet.
3. Collect the frequency of data for the items being measured. Record each occurrence directly on the Check Sheet as it happens.
4. Tally the data by totaling the number of occurrences for each category being measured

Question 18

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are two other data collection techniques?

Answer 18

1. Coding Data
2. Gauging

Question 19

In DMAIC, for Measure, what is coding data?

Answer 19

Data coding is used to get variable data required for control charts (control charts will be covered in chapter 8)

Question 20

In DMAIC, for Measure, why is coding data useful?

Answer 20

Coding data enables the user to plot several parts from a given process into the same control chart.

Question 21

In DMAIC, for Measure, how is coding data standardized?

Answer 21

The data is standardized by subtracting nominal or other target values from actual measurements.

Coding data is often standardized so that measurement units are converted to whole numbers (e.g. 0.022 miles will be recorded as 22)

Question 22

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are measurement scales used for?

Answer 22

From a six sigma perspective, measurement scales help in categorizing data into different types so that they can be collected and analyzed separately.

Question 23

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are the major measurement scales?

Answer 23

Major measurement scales include:

1. Nominal
2. Ordinal
3. Interval
4. Ratio

NOIR

Question 24

In DMAIC, for Measure, what is a nominal measurement scale and an example?

Answer 24

Nominal

Here, items are assigned to groups or categories. There is no ordering of data (i.e data collected does not show that something is better than the other).

Nominal scales are therefore qualitative rather than quantitative.

Variables measured on a nominal scale are often referred to as categorical or qualitative variables

Examples: country or origin, sex (Male/Female), and religion

Question 25

In DMAIC, for Measure, what is an ordinal measurement scale and an example?

Answer 25

Ordinal When items are classified according to whether they have more or less of a characteristic, the scale used is referred to as an ordinal scale. Categories have a logical or ordered relationship to each other. These types of scale permit the measurement of degrees of difference, but not the specific amount of difference i.e. although there are differences between the different items, the differences cannot be quantified. Any questions that ask the respondent to rate something use ordinal scales. Example: How would you rate the quality of our food? Very Good - 5 Good - 4 Average - 3 Poor - 2 Very Poor - 1

Question 26

In DMAIC, for Measure, what is an interval measurement scale and an example?

Answer 26

Interval In Interval scales, the distance between adjacent points on the scale are equal. These types of scale permit the measurement of degrees of difference, and the specific amount of difference. These scales are do not have a natural zero. This is a widely used scale because important tools like measuring of averages, mode, median, mean etc. can be used for such scales. Please note that although for an interval scale, differences make sense, ratios do not e.g. difference in dates makes sense but there is no meaning in ratio of the dates. Example: Dates, Temperature etc. Very hot: 80 - 90 Hot: 70 - 80 Average: 60 - 70 Cold: 50 - 60 Very cold: 40 - 50

Question 27

In DMAIC, for Measure, what is a ratio measurement scale and an example?

Answer 27

Ratio In ratio scale, the scale consists not only of equidistant points but also has a meaningful zero point. If we ask respondents their ages, the difference between any two years would always be the same, and 'zero' signifies the absence of age or birth. Hence, a 100-year old person is indeed twice as old as a 50-year old one. Example: Sales, Profit, market share, age etc. are all expressed on a ratio scale.

Question 28

In DMAIC, for Measure, why are validation techniques important?

Answer 28

Validation techniques are very important since they... 1. Ensure that whatever data we received from the system is acceptable 2. Quantify the reliability of measurement system and key metrics 3. Help in determining process capability

Question 29

T/F | In DMAIC, for Measure, For any system, the total variation that we observe in a system could be because of 3 important reasons.

Answer 29

FALSE. It is just 2: Expected Variation and Variation Due to Change In Process

Question 30

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are the types of process variation?

Answer 30

1. Expected Variation 2. Variation Due to Change In Process

Question 31

In DMAIC, for Measure, in process variation what is expected variation?

Answer 31

Expected variation: this is the variation which is inherent in the system. So, there may be slight difference in measurements taken (e.g. although the same ice-cream vending machine is used to vend ice-creams to customers, there may be slight variation in the size of ice-creams produced. This is an expected variation which is created due to the way in which the ice-cream vending machine works)

Question 32

In DMAIC, for Measure, in process variation what is variation due to change in process?

Answer 32

Variation due to change in process: Process changes may result in a lot of variation in the data we are getting from the system (example, after doing a six sigma exercise which resulted in process improvements, the data collected may show decrease the number of defects)

Question 33

In DMAIC, for Measure, in process variation what is variation due to change in process?

Answer 33

TRUE

Question 34

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are some major causes of variation in validation techniques?

Answer 34

Major causes of variation are: 1. Different employees taking measurements separately 2. Changes in specifications or procedures for data collection 3. Variation inherent in measurement system

Question 35

In DMAIC, for Measure, what is the formula for total variation?

Answer 35

Total variation = Process Variation + Measurement Variation

Question 36

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are a couple tools used for validation of data and the measurement system?

Answer 36

1. Gauge R&R study 2. Statistical system analysis - ANOVA and other statistical quality control tools (these are beyond the scope of a six sigma green belt course and will be covered in a six sigma black belt course)

Question 37

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are the 4 important characteristics of measurement systems?

Answer 37

1. Accuracy 2. Precision 3. Linearity 4. Stability OR that a measurement system needs to SLAP (stable, linear, accurate, precise)

Question 38

In DMAIC, for Measure, define Accuracy in a measurement system.

Answer 38

Accuracy: This is an average value of several measurements taken

Question 39

In DMAIC, for Measure, define Stability in a measurement system.

Answer 39

Stability: How well does the measurement system performs over time

Question 39

In DMAIC, for Measure, define Precision in a measurement system.

Answer 39

Precision: This shows how the measurements are clustered around the center i.e. spread of the measurements

Question 40

In DMAIC, for Measure, define Linearity in a measurement system.

Answer 40

Linearity: How well the measurement system performs over a range of events

Question 41

T/F | In DMAIC, for Measure, Measurements having same accuracy may have different precision

Answer 41

TRUE

Question 42

T/F | In DMAIC, for Measure, Measurements having same precision may have different accuracy

Answer 42

TRUE

Question 43

In DMAIC, for Measure, what does the R & R stand for in the Gauge R&R?

Answer 43

The 2 R's of Gauge R&R study: 1. Repeatability: How consistently does the measurement system measure an event over time? 2. Reproducibility: How consistently can several operators measure an event i.e. if different operators were asked to measure the same event, would they get similar results?

Question 43

In DMAIC, for Measure, what is the validation tool Gauge R & R used for?

Answer 43

Gauge R&R study is a powerful tool to determine the ability of a measurement system.

Question 44

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are the 6 important probability distributions in statistics?

Answer 44

Important distributions used include: 1. Binomial 2. Poisson 3. Normal 4. Chi-square 5. Student's t 6. F distribution

Question 45

T/F | In DMAIC, for Measure, it is usually possible to measure the whole population.

Answer 45

FALSE Usually it is impossible to measure the whole population, and samples are used for calculation. (e.g. if we want to conduct a poll about the height of different people in a country, talking with a all the individuals in a country would be very difficult. So, a sample of individuals is taken and the results got is extrapolated to the entire population).

Question 46

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are typical applications where data mining is used?

Answer 46

Typical applications include market segmentation, customer profiling, fraud detection, evaluation of retail promotions, and credit risk analysis.

Question 46

In DMAIC, for Measure, what is data mining?

Answer 46

Data mining defined: An information extraction activity whose goal is to discover hidden facts contained in databases. Using a combination of machine learning, statistical analysis, modeling techniques and database technology, data mining finds patterns and subtle relationships in data and infers rules that allow the prediction of future results.

Question 47

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are some leading software vendors for data mining?

Answer 47

There are several software available which can be used for data mining. (leading vendors for data mining include Oracle, IBM, SAS, Microstrategy, CA, DMreview etc.)

Question 48

In DMAIC, for Measure, what is a run chart?

Answer 48

A run chart is a plot of data arranged in a time or order sequence.

Question 49

In DMAIC, for Measure, why is a run chart useful?

Answer 49

Helps identify whether the system is under control - as defined by Shewhart (1931, 1980) As well, helps identify common causes and special causes of variation

Question 50

In DMAIC, for Measure, what is a run chart typically used for?

Answer 50

Typically used for preliminary analysis of data measured on a continuous scale. (e.g. performance of a machine or person over time)

Question 51

In DMAIC, for Measure, who said the following? "A phenomenon will be said to be controlled when, through the use of past experience, we can predict, at least within limits, how the phenomenon may be expected to vary in the future. Here it is understood that prediction within limits means that we can state, at least approximately, the probability that the observed phenomenon will fall within the given limits."

Answer 51

Shewhart (1931-1980)

Question 52

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are common and special causes of variation in a run chart, the definition?

Answer 52

1. Common cause: These are inherent in the process and can be predicted within reasonable limits 2. Special cause: These variations may be caused because of extraneous or unexpected reasons. Special cause of variations cannot be predicted.

Question 53

In DMAIC, for Measure, a run chart is a plot of data arranged in a __________ or __________

Answer 53

TIME or ORDER SEQUENCE

Question 54

In DMAIC, for Measure, how do you create upper and lower control limits in a run chart? What are the bounds of customer satisfaction?

Answer 54

Determine upper (UCL) and lower control limit (LCL). These are calculated from the process data by Six Sigma experts. If all the process data stays within the control limits then it is very likely that the variation is inherent in the process i.e. common cause of variation.

Question 55

In DMAIC, for Measure, what is the median?

Answer 55

Median is defined as "the middle number in a set of data when it is ranked from lowest to highest, it is an indicator of central location in a data set"

Question 55

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are 3 important tools used to determine stakeholder requirements, and what do they do?

Answer 55

Some important tools used to determine stakeholder requirements: 1. Balanced scorecard (tool used to measure different stakeholders goals quantitatively and translate these goals into metrics) 2. Kano Model (Kano Model is very effective in differentiating between the different attributes of a product from a customer perspective. Inputs from the Kano Model are very valuable for a design team to understand customer requirements and aspirations) 3. Quality function deployment - QFD (After getting inputs from the customer, QFD can be used to map the voice of the customer to internal company processes and also provide competitive evaluation. QFD analysis includes inputs from all groups inside the organization, and forms the basis for determining the requirements for the project)

Question 56

In DMAIC, for Measure, how do you create upper and lower specification limits in a run chart? What are the bounds of customer satisfaction?

Answer 56

Determine upper and lower specification limits by taking into consideration voice of the customer. A process would satisfy customer requirements if it falls within the specification limits.

Question 56

T/F | In DMAIC, for Measure, we review the process maps and Pareto charts created in Define phase and don't need to add more detail.

Answer 56

FALSE. Additional details are added to the charts to make them more comprehensive and complete Details about creation of process maps and Pareto charts : please refer to chapter 4: Six sigma methodology - Define

Question 57

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are the high level categories of process costs?

Answer 57

From a process perspective, process costs are divided into 2 high level categories: 1. Entitlement costs 2. Cost of Poor Quality (COPQ)

Question 58

In DMAIC, for Measure, in process costs what are entitlement costs?

Answer 58

Entitlement costs: These are costs associated with producing goods correctly the first time.

Question 59

In DMAIC, for Measure, what is the calculation for total process cost?

Answer 59

Total process cost = Entitlement cost + COPQ

Question 60

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are two things to do when it comes to reducing costs?

Answer 60

1. To increase profits, it is very important to reduce total costs 2. Since Cost of Poor Quality (COPQ) is an important component of the cost calculation, it is important to reduce COPQ to improve profits (details of COPQ will be covered later in the chapter)

Question 60

In DMAIC, for Measure, in process costs what is COPQ?

Answer 60

Cost of Poor Quality (COPQ): These are costs associated with not performing work correctly the first time and with producing low quality goods

Question 60

In DMAIC, for Measure, at the end of the Measure Phase of a Six Sigma Project what should we have tested in our measurement systems?

Answer 60

1. We will have detailed understanding of the measurement systems at the end of measure phase. 2. Use of validation techniques e.g. Gauge R&R study and data mining to determine the capability of existing measurement systems - this will help us evaluate the measurement system and ensure that we have a devised a measurement system which has high accuracy and precision.

Question 61

In DMAIC, for Measure, at the end of the Measure Phase of a Six Sigma Project what should we have?

Answer 61

At the end of measure phase, we should have: 1. Better definition of the processes because of detailed process maps and Pareto charts 2. Detailed Data related to different processes which could be used to develop metrics and help in data analysis in the six sigma Analysis phases

Question 62

In DMAIC, for Measure, at the end of the Measure Phase of a Six Sigma Project what should we expect to have for the output of Baseline Process Capability?

Answer 62

Baseline process capability: 1. Through use of run charts and statistical distributions, we will get better understanding of the process capability 2. In a six sigma Black Belt course, Process capability would be measured using indices like (Cp and Cpk ). Process performance would be measured using indices like Pp, Ppk and Cpm : this is beyond the scope of a six sigma Green Belt course. NOTE Better understanding of process costs also helps us define the baseline process capability. Once the baseline process capability is defined, we can target to improve the process during Analyze and later phases of the Six sigma project.

Question 63

In DMAIC, for Measure, at the end of the Measure Phase of a Six Sigma Project what should we expect to have for Process Capabilities Impacting Critical To Quality?

Answer 63

1. CTQ (Critical to Quality): These are the important characteristics of a product or process whose performance standards or specification limits must be met in order to satisfy the customer. They align improvement or design efforts with customer requirements. 2. A better understanding of the process and understanding of requirements through use of stakeholder tools helps us determine the important process parameters which will impact CTQ. This will become a critical input in the Analysis phase of the six sigma initiative.

Question 64

In DMAIC, for Measure, what does COPQ stand for?

Answer 64

Cost Of Poor Quality

Question 65

In DMAIC, for Measure, what is COPQ used for?

Answer 65

These are costs associated with not performing work correctly the first time and with producing low quality goods

Question 66

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are the categories of COPQ?

Answer 66

There are 4 types of COPQ costs: 1. Appraisal 2. Internal Failure 3. Prevention 4. External Failure Or, APIE The cost of poor quality is A PIE (appraisal, prevention, internal failure, external failure)

Question 67

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are appraisal costs in COPQ?

Answer 67

Appraisal costs (monitoring and measuring quality parameters e.g. costs associated with quality audits, managing outside vendors, dealing with supplier quality problems etc.)

Question 68

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are internal failure costs in COPQ?

Answer 68

Internal Failure costs (internal costs associated with correcting a low quality product e.g. costs associated for rework, longer cycle time, higher inventory etc.)

Question 69

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are prevention costs in COPQ?

Answer 69

Prevention costs (preventing a low quality product from reaching final customer e.g. audit personnel, recall of produced goods etc.)

Question 70

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are external failure costs in COPQ?

Answer 70

External failure costs (impact of poor quality product on final customer e.g. loss of goodwill, write-offs, service problems etc.)

Question 71

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are the types of savings associated with reducing COPQ?

Answer 71

Types of reducing COPQ savings: 1. Hard 2. Soft 3. Cost Avoidance COPQ Savings are CASH (Cost Avoidance, Soft, Hard)

Question 72

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are Hard Savings in reducing CPOQ?

Answer 72

Hard savings (can be directly measured) 1. Decrease in costs 2. Less rework 3. Lower cycle time

Question 73

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are Cost Avoidance Savings in reducing CPOQ?

Answer 73

Cost avoidance savings 1. Savings from costs that might have occurred in the future if process had not improved.

Question 74

In DMAIC, for Measure, what are Soft Savings in reducing CPOQ?

Answer 74

Soft savings (intangible and may not be directly measured) 1. Loss of goodwill 2. Loss of competitive advantage

Question 75

All the following are inputs for Measure Phase except: 1. Project Charter 2. Established Metrics 3. Statistical Distributions 4. Problem Statement

Answer 75

3. Statistical Distributions Inputs to Measure phase include:- Project Charter- Established metrics- Problem Statement- Roles and Responsibilities

Question 76

Which of the following is a tool for Measure Phase: 1. Project Charter 2. Measurement Systems 3. Run Charts 4. Problem Statement

Answer 76

3. Run Charts Run Charts is a tool used in Measure phase of 6 sigma projects

Question 77

Which of the following is an output for Measure Phase of six sigma project: 1. Baseline Process Capability 2. Validation techniques 3. Run Charts 4. Problem Statement

Answer 77

1. Baseline Process Capability Baseline Process Capability is an output from Measure Phase of six sigma project

Question 78

Number of satisfied customers of your product is: 1. Continuous data 2. Discrete data 3. None of the above 4. Either Continuous data or discrete data depending on situation

Answer 78

2. Discrete data Number of satisfied customers is a whole number and hence a discrete data

Question 79

Temperature, humidity etc are examples of: 1. Continuous data 2. Discrete data 3. Attributes 4. None of the above

Answer 79

1. Continuous data Continuous data includes temperature, humidity etc.

Question 79

Scale where items are assigned to groups or categories and there is no ordering of data is also referred to as: 1. Nominal 2. Ordinal 3. Interval 4. Ratio

Answer 79

1. Nominal Nominal: Here, items are assigned to groups or categories. There is no ordering of data (i.e data collected does not show that something is better than the other). Nominal scales are therefore qualitative rather than quantitative. Variables measured on a nominal scale are often referred to as categorical or qualitative variables

Question 80

Ranking, Rating, Yes/No questions are examples of: 1. Continuous data 2. Discrete data 3. Variables 4. None of the above

Answer 80

2. Discrete data Ranking, Rating, Yes/No questions are examples of Discrete data (attributes)

Question 81

Which of the following is a data collection technique? 1. Check sheet 2. Cost of Poor Quality 3. Critical to quality 4. Project charter

Answer 81

1. Check sheet Check sheets are very important tools for data collection. Inputs gathered from check sheets can be used for creation of Pareto diagrams, cause and effect diagrams etc

Question 82

In a particular scale of measurement, the distance between adjacent points on the scale are equal. These types of scale permit the measurement of degrees of difference, and the specific amount of difference. These scales do not have a natural zero. The scale of measurement described here is _____________. 1. Nominal 2. Ordinal 3. Interval 4. Ratio

Answer 82

3. Interval In Interval scales, the distance between adjacent points on the scale are equal. These types of scale permit the measurement of degrees of difference, and the specific amount of difference. These scales do not have a natural zero. This is a widely used scale because important tools like measuring of averages, mode, median, mean etc. can be used for such scales. Please note that although for an interval scale, differences make sense, ratios do not e.g. difference in dates makes sense but there is no meaning in ratio of the dates.

Question 83

In a measurement scale, the scale consists not only of equidistant points but also has a meaningful zero point. This is an example of which measurement scale? 1. Nominal 2. Ordinal 3. Interval 4. Ratio

Answer 83

4. Ratio In ratio scale, the scale consists not only of equidistant points but also has a meaningful zero point.

Question 84

Profit is measured in which measurement scale? 1. Nominal 2. Ordinal 3. Interval 4. Ratio

Answer 84

4. Ratio In ratio scale, the scale consists not only of equidistant points but also has a meaningful zero point. Example: Sales, Profit, market share, age etc. are all expressed on a ratio scale.

Question 85

Data analysis tools like ANOVA are used for 1. Discrete data 2. Continuous data 3. Attributes 4. None of the above

Answer 85

2. Continuous data Data analysis tools like Anova are used for Continuous data

Question 85

Which of the following characteristics of a measurement system shows how data clustered around the center can be depicted? 1. Precision 2. Accuracy 3. Linearity 4. Stability

Answer 85

1. Precision Precision shows how the measurements are clustered around the center i.e. spread of the measurements

Question 86

How well the measurement system performs over a range of events can be measured using: 1. Precision 2. Accuracy 3. Linearity 4. Stability

Answer 86

3. Linearity Linearity is a measure of how well the measurement system performs over a range of events

Question 87

How well the measurement system performs over time can be measured using: 1. Precision 2. Accuracy 3. Linearity 4. Stability

Answer 87

4. Stability Stability is a measure of how well does the measurement system performs over time