Six Weeks Review

Question 1

Name three characteristics that make water a unique molecule

Answer 1

• High Heat Capacity
• Universal Solvent
• Less dense as a solid than liquid

Question 2

What is the relationship between seawater and density and temperature?

Answer 2

Temperature increases… Density descreases

Question 3

Name four water properties the CTD Rosette can sample

Answer 3

• Dissolved Oxygen
• pH
• Salinity (Via conductivity)
• Density
• Temperature

Question 4

What are the global heat balance terms?

Answer 4

Qs, Qb, Qh, Qe, Qv

Question 5

Which global heat terms are typically positive?

Answer 5

Qs

Question 6

Which global heat terms are typically negative?

Answer 6

Qb

Question 7

What parameters affest the largest positive global heat terms?

Answer 7

albedo, tilt of the earth, cloud cover

Question 8

Which global heat term is typically the highest magnitude ‘loss’ term?

Answer 8

Qe

Question 9

What is the significance of the Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn?

Answer 9

They are the latitudes where the sun is perpendicular to the surface of the earth during the summer of the Northern and Southern Hemisphere respectively.

Question 10

How to calculate pressure:

Answer 10

P=Density x Gravity x Depth

Question 11

What percentage of all salt ions does NaCl make up in seawater?

Answer 11

85%

Question 12

What is a graphical ‘cline’ called when refering to salinity?

Answer 12

Halocline

Question 13

Seawater density is a function of…?

Answer 13

Temperature, Salinity, Depth

Question 14

What is dynamic height?

Answer 14

different heights of layered water as a result of differences in density

Question 15

Which global heat term can be ommitted over time?

Answer 15

Qv

Question 16

Which is easier to achieve in a stable ocean - Horizontal or Vertical mixing?

Answer 16

Horizontal

Question 17

What is the density of freshwater?

Answer 17

1000 kg/m^3

Question 18

What is the density of seawater?

Answer 18

~1030 kg/m^3

Question 19

What type of waves commonly develop along pycnoclines?

Answer 19

internal or gravity waves

Question 20

What equation of state variable is not important at freezing temperatures?

Answer 20

Temperature

Question 21

What order of color does visible light penetrate the ocean in order of deepest to shallowest?

Answer 21

Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red

Question 22

Which has a larger value at depth: Temperature or Potential Temperature?

Answer 22

Temperature

Question 23

Which has a larger value at depth: Density or Potential Density?

Answer 23

Density?

Question 24

Why do we have temp vs potential temp and density vs potential density? What are we accounting for?

Answer 24

Pressure as a result of depth

Question 25

Is the seasonal thermocline deeper or shallower in the summer? Is it more or less stratisfied?

Answer 25

Shallower. More stratisfied

Question 26

What is the value of the solar constant and where is this value measured?

Answer 26

1360 W/m^2. top of the atmosphere where the sun is perpendicular to the atmosphere

Question 27

Describe what pattern dissolved O2 and pH follow in a 24hr period, what causes this effect?

Answer 27

Dissolved O2 and pH increase throughout the day, peak at sunset, drop throughout the night, hit the lowest point at sunrise and repeat. This is caused by photosynthesis and respirators.

Question 28

What is the law of constant proportions?

Answer 28

All salt ions in seawater, regardless of location, are constantly in the same proportions.

Question 29

What directions do the wind driven currents blow north and south of the equator?

Answer 29

Easterly winds South of Equator Westerly winds North of Equator (Remember winds are described from direction they come from)

Question 30

What keeps wind driven currents from continuously increasing in speed?

Answer 30

Bottom friction

Question 31

What factors effect the Solar Constant over time?

Answer 31

Earth's tilt, wobble, eccentricity in orbit (shift in elliptical orbit)

Question 32

Where does most Qs occur?

Answer 32

near the air/ocean interface (several meters

Question 33

Where does most Qb occur?

Answer 33

first few milimeters of water

Question 34

Where does most Qe and Qh occur?

Answer 34

Right at the surface

Question 35

What is the Stefan-Boltaman constant?

Answer 35

Cs = 5.67e-8 Wm^-2T^-4

Question 36

What is Planck's Law?(used for calculation Qb)

Answer 36

Qb=CsT^4

Question 37

What is the average albedo?

Answer 37

.3 or 30%

Question 38

The atmosphere absorbes what percent of Qs due to clouds and water vapor?

Answer 38

20%

Question 39

What percent of Qs makes it to the ocean or land?

Answer 39

50%

Question 40

What causes daily and seasonal lags in temperature vs solar radiation?

Answer 40

Lags are caused by the differences in specific heat of all the earths surfaces

Question 41

Describe the seasonal thermoclines

Answer 41

Stronger and shallower in the summer | Weaker and deeper in the winter