Skeletal Flashcards
(55 cards)
What is osteochondrosis?
Developmental disorder of medium and large breed rapidly growing dogs that is characterized by abnormal endochondral ossification of epiphyseal cartilage in the shoulder, elbow, stifle, and hock joints.
What are some predilection sites for OC (Osteochondrosis?)
- Caudal humeral head
- Medial humeral condyle
- Lateral and medial femoral condyle
- Lateral and medial trochlea of talus
What are the radiographic signs of OC?
- Flattening or concavity of subchondral bone, and joint surfaces
- Subchondral bone lucency and adjacent sclerosis
- Osteophytosis
- Joint effusion
- Joint mice (+/- mineralized flap)
What is the cause of OC?
The exact cause is unknown but excessive nutrition, rapid growth, trauma, and a hereditary component are suspected to be contributing factors.
How would you make a patient with OC comfortable?
NSAIDs ex:) Carprofen 2.2 mg/kg PO BID ex:) Meloxicam 0.1 mg/kg/day PO JOINT FLUID MODIFIERS ex:) Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (Adequan) 4.4 mg/kg IM twice weekly for 4 weeks WEIGHT LOSS DIET/EXERCISE RESTRICTION
What is the prognosis for recovery with OC in the shoulders?
Excellent
What is the prognosis for recovery with OC in the stifle?
Good
What is the prognosis for recovery with OC in the elbow and tarsal joints?
Fair
How do you treat OC?
Surgery to excise cartilage flaps or free floating fragments and curettage of subchondral bone to stimulate fibrocartilage formation.
What is osteochondritis dissecans (OCD)?
An inflammatory condition that occurs when the diseased cartilage from OC separates from the underlying bone.
What types of dogs are typically affected by OCD?
Medium to large breed rapidly growing young dogs (6-9 months)
What is the free floating piece of necrotic cartilage that has broken off referred to as?
Joint mice (Joint fragment)
What is Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD)?
Refers to arthritis or osteoarthritis which is the result of the gradual deterioration of the articular cartilage within one or more of the joints. The smooth resilient cartilage degenerates becoming brittle over time. With severe DJD, the degenerated cartilage may actually split away from the bone and become loose within the joint. NOT AN INFLAMMATORY DISEASE. But you can get synovial inflammation (synovitis).
What types of patients typically develop DJD?
Obese
Radiographically what will you see in dogs with DJD?
Irregular articular cartilage surface and new bone production. You may also get bone on bone from loss of cartilage. You may also seen osteophytes (forms at synovial or articular margins), effusion, increased joint space, or on the contrary a decrease in joint space, soft tissue swelling, and subchondral sclerosis.
What are the 2 different types of osteoarthritis?
- Primary (idiopathic)
2. Secondary (DJD)
What species is primary (idiopathic) osteoarthritis more common in?
Cats
What are the 2 subcategories of secondary osteoarthritis (DJD)?
- Developmental (OCD, hip dysplasia)
2. Acquired (trauma or neoplasia)
How do you treat osteoarthritis?
Tramadol, Gabapentin, & NSAID (Rimadyl (Carprofen), Onsior (Robenacoxib), Polysulfated glycosaminoglycans (Adequan)), Neutraceuticals (Glucosamine/Chondroitin (Cosequin) Avocado/Soybean Unsaponafiables (Dasequin), Omega 3 Fatty Acids+ surgery (salvage procedures) like joint replacement, arthroplasty, arthrodesis or amputation of the limb. Should also encourage obese patients to lose weight, have a modified exercise regimen, physical rehabilitation therapy (cold/heat therapy, passive range of motion, massage, swimming, treadmill exercise, acupuncture.)
What is hip dysplasia?
Abnormal formation of the coxofemoral joint that in it’s more severe form can eventually cause crippling lameness and painful arthritis of the joints. It is a genetic trait that is affected by environmental factors. Characterized by instability in 1 or both hip joints which leads to DJD, osteoarthritis and subluxation of the hip.
What is the cause of hip dysplasia?
It is a polygenic, complex, multifactorial disease.
What breeds are most commonly effected?
Large breeds: German Shepherds, Golden Retrievers and Lab Retrievers.
What are the clinical signs of hip dysplasia?
Bunny hopping gait, positive ortolani sign if there is a hip subluxation or hip laxity (should be done in a sedated patient b/c it can cause pain), pain on extension of hips, palpation of crepitus over the hips and atrophy of leg muscles.
Radiographically what will we see with hip dysplasia?
Morgan line (osteophyte formation at insertion of joint capsule), <50% coverage of femoral head, remodeling, thickening and sclerosis of femoral neck, perichondral osteophyte formation, remodeling and sclerosis of the acetabulum.
