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Anatomy and Physiology > Skeletal and Muscular Systems > Flashcards

Skeletal and Muscular Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

How many bones are in the human body?

A

206

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2
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

Skull , Vertebral Column , Ribs , Sternum

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3
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Shoulder girdle , Hip girdle , Arms , Legs

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4
Q

What are the technical names of the bones?

A

Cranium
Clavicle
Scapula
Sternum
Ribs
Vertebral Column
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Pelvic Girdle
Humerus
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

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5
Q

What are the different types of bones?

A

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid

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6
Q

What are examples of long bones?

A

Femur
Phlanges
Ulna
Tibia

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7
Q

What is the function of long bones?

A

Provide leverage

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8
Q

What are examples of short bones?

A

Carpals
Tarsals
Talus

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9
Q

What is the function of short bones?

A

Weight bearing

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10
Q

What are examples of flat bones?

A

Sternum
Cranium
Scapula

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11
Q

What is the function of flat bones?

A

protects internal organs and act as a surface for muscle attachment

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12
Q

What are examples of irregular bones?

A

Vertebrae

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13
Q

What is the function of irregular bones?

A

Muscle attatchment
Protection

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14
Q

What are examples of sesamoid bones?

A

Patella

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15
Q

What is the function of sesamoid bones?

A

Ease joint movements and resist compression

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16
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skeleton?

A

Protection
Shape and support
Blood cell production
Mineral storage
Joints for movement

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17
Q

How does protection help the skeleton?

A

The skeleton helps delicate parts of the body
eg. Brain

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18
Q

How does shape and support help the skeleton?

A

The bones provide the body with shape and support for the lungs, heart and vital organs

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19
Q

How does blood cell production help the skeleton?

A

Red and white blood cells and platelets are made in the bone marrow. RBC’s carry O2 to muscles

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20
Q

How does mineral storage help the skelton?

A

Calcium and phosphorous stored in the bones. Calcium increases bone density to reduce risk of injury

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21
Q

How does joints for movements help the skeleton?

A

Joints are located around the body. All sporting movements requires muscles to move bones at joints.

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22
Q

What is an example of a synovial joint?

A

Knee

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23
Q

What are the common features of a synovial joint?

A

Ligament
Synovial fluid
Articular Cartilige
Joint capsule
Bursa
Meniscus

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24
Q

What is the structure and function of a ligament?

A

Structure - A tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue
Function - Connects bone to bone and stabilises joints during movement

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25
What is the structure and function of the synovial fluid?
Structure - Lubricating liquid contained within the joint cavity Function - Reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage
26
What is the structure and function of the articular cartilage?
Structure - smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones Function - Absorbs shock and allows friction-free movement
27
What is the structure and function of the joint capsule?
Structure- a fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane Function - encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial joints
28
What is the structure and function of the bursa?
Structure- a closed, fluid filled sac found where tendons rub over bones Functions- reduces friction between tendons and bones
29
What is the structure and function of the meniscus?
Structure- two rings of cartilage that sit on the inside and the outside of the knee Function- absorb shock and reduce friction of the femur and tibia
30
What are the five different types of synovial joints?
Hinge Ball and Socket Gilding Radio-Ulna Condyloid
31
What are examples of hinge joints?
Elbow Knee Ankle
32
What are the examples of ball and socket joints?
Hip Shoulder
33
What are the examples of a gilding joint?
Spine
34
What are the examples of a pivot joints?
Neck Radio-ulanar joint
35
What are the examples of a condyloid joint?
Wrist
36
What is the defintion of the sagittal plane?
Lies vertically. Divides the body into left and right parts from from the medial (midline) to the lateral (outside)
37
What is the defintion of the frontal plane?
Lies vertically. Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back)
38
What is the definition of the transverse plane?
Lies horizontally. It divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts
39
What movements are available at the sagittal plane?
Flexion Extension Plantar flexion Dorsi flexion
40
What are the movements available at the transverse plane?
Horizontal flexion Horizontal extension Rotation
41
What are the movements at the frontal plane?
Abduction Adduction
42
What is the defintion of flexion?
Decrease angle at a joint
43
What is the defintion of extension?
Increase angle at a joint
44
What is the defintion of plantar flexion?
Movement of the ankle joint as the toes move up
44
What is the defintion of dorsi flexion?
Movement of the ankle joint as the toes move down
45
What is the defintion of abduction?
Movement of the limbs away from midline of the body
46
What is the defintion of adduction?
Movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body
47
What is the defintion of horizontal flexion?
Movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body parallel to the ground
48
What is the defintion of horizontal extension?
Movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body parallel to the ground
49
What is the definition of rotation?
Movement whereby articulating bones turn about their longitudinal axis in a screwdriver action
50
What are the movements available at a ball and socket joint?
Flexion Extension Horizontal Flexion Horizontal Extension Medial Rotation Lateral Rotation Abduction Adduction
51
What are the movements available at a hinge joint?
Flexion Extension
52
What are the movements available at a Condyloid joint?
Flexion Extension Adduction Abduction
53
What is the definition of a joint?
An area of the body where two or more bones articulate to create human movement
54
What is the definition of a tendon?
A fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to bone
55
What is the definition of a origin?
The point of attachment to a moveable bone, which stays relatively fixed during muscular contraction
56
What is the definition of a insertion?
The point of muscular attachment to a moveable bone which gets closer to the origin during muscular contraction
57
What are the muscles that make up the body?
Anterior deltoid Posterior deltoid Wrist Flexors Wrist Extendors Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Bicep Brachii Tricep Brachii Teres minor Trapezius Rectus abdonmius Adductor longus/brevis/mangus Rectus Femoris Vastus lateralis/medialis/intermedius Soleus Biecep femoris Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius
58
What is the definition of an agonist?
muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint. Prime mover
59
What is the definition of an antagonist?
a muscle that opposes the agonist providing a resistance for co-ordinated movement
60
What is the definition of a prime mover?
A muscle that stabilises one part of a body while another causes movement. Holds the joint in position during movement
61
What is an antagonist muscle action?
paired muscle action. As the agonist muscle shortens to create movement, the antagonist lengthens to co-ordinate the action
62
What are the two types of muscle contraction?
Isotonic Isometric
63
What are the 2 types of isotonic muscle contraction?
Concentric Eccentric
64
What is the definition of an isotonic muscle contraction?
Muscle contraction in where a muscle changes length during its contraction
65
What is a concentric contraction?
- muscle shortens when producing tension - produces the force to pull 2 bones closer together causing joint movement - occurs in the agonist
66
What is a eccentric contraction?
- muscle lengthens under tension - resists forces such as gravity to control joint movements - occur is antagonist if it is acting as a break to control the movement
67
What is an isometric contraction?
- muscle contracts but does not change length under tension - occurs in fixator muscle -occurs in other muslce if they are working against a resistance they cannot overcome
68
What is the movement analysis for the ankle joint?
Joint - Hinge Articulating bones - Tibia Fibula Talus Plane - Sagittal Movements - Dorsi flexion, Plantar Flexion Agonist - Dorsi Flexion - tibialis anterior Plantar Flexion - gastrocnemius + soleus
69
What is the movement analysis for the knee joint?
Joint - Hinge Articulating Bones - Femur Tibia Plane - Sagittal Movements - Flexion, Extension Agonist - Flexion- Bicep Femoris, Semitendinosus , Semimembranosus Extension - Rectus Femoris, Vastus Lateralis , Vastus Intermedius , Vastus Medialis
70
What is the movement analysis for the Hip joint?
Joint - Ball and Socket Articulating Bones - Pelvic Girdle, Femur Plane - Sagitall , Frontal , Transverse Movements - Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Medial Rotation, Lateral Rotation Agonist - Flexion - Iliopsoas Extension - Gluteus Maximus Abduction - Gluteus Minimus, Gluteus Medius Adduction - Adductor longus, brevis , mangus Medial Rotation - Gluteus medius, minimus Lateral Rotation - Gluteus Maximus
71
What is the movement analysis of the shoulder joint?
Joint - Ball and Socket Articulating Bones - Humerus, Scapula Planes - Sagittal, Frontal, Transverse Movements - Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction, Horizontal Flexion, Horizontal Extension, Medial Rotation, Lateral Rotation Agonist - Flexion - Anterior deltoid Extension - Posterior deltoid Adduction - Latissimus dorsi Abduction - Middle deltoid Horizontal Flexion - Pectorialis major Horizontal Extension - Posterior deltoid, teres minor Medial Rotation - Teres minor , Subscapularis Lateral Rotation - Teres minor , Infraspinatous
72
What is the movement analysis of the elbow?
Joint- Hinge Articulating Bones - Humerus, Radius, Ulna Planes- Sagittal Movements- Flexion, Extension Agonist- Flexion- Bicep Brachii Extension - Tricep Brachii
73
What is the movement analysis of the wrist?
Joint- Condyloid Articulating Bones - Radius, Ulna, Carpals Plane - Sagittal Movements - Flexion, Extension Agonist - Flexion - Wrist flexors Extension - Wrist extenders
74
What are the antagonistic muscle pairs?
Wirst flexors + extenders Bicep Brachii + Tricep Brachii Anterior Deltoid + Posterior Deltoid Iliopsoas + Gluteus Maximus Bicep Femoris + Rectus Femoris Tibialis Anterior + Gastrocnemius
75
What is a motor neuron?
A nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres
76
What is a motor unit?
made up of a motor neuron and the muscle fibres stimulated by its axon
77
What is action potential?
positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conducts the nerve impulse down the neuron and into the muscle fibre
78
what is the role of the motor unit?
1. Nerve impulse is initiated in the motor neuron cell body. 2. Nerve impulse is conducted down the axon of the motor neuron by a nerve action potential to the synaptic cleft 3. Neurotransmitter called acetylcholine is secreted into the synaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulse across the gap 4. If the electrical charge is above a threshold, the muscle fibre will contract 5. This happens in a all or none fashion
79
what is meant by the all or non law?
depending on whether the stimulus is above a threshold, all muscle fibres will give a complete contraction or no contraction at all
80
what are the three muscle fibre types?
Slow oxidative (SO or type 1) Fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG or type 2a) Fast glycolytic (FG or type 2b)
81
What are the structural features of slow oxidative muscle fibres?
- High myoglobin content -High capillary density -High mitochondrial density -Low PC stores -Small neuron size -Few fibres per neuron
82
what are the functional features of slow oxidative muscle fibres?
Slow contractile speed High aerobic capacity Low anaerobic capacity Low force of contraction Slow contractile speed Resistant to fatigue
83
what are some specific sporting examples of slow oxidative muscle fibres?
Low intensity Long duration Marathon Tour de France
84
what are the structural features of fast oxidative glycolytic muscle fibres?
Large neuron size Many fibres per neuron High capillary density Moderate mitochondria density Moderate myoglobin content High PC stores
85
What are the functional features of fast oxidative glycolytic muscle fibres?
Fast contractile speed High force of contraction Moderate fatigue resistance Moderate aerobic capacity Moderate anaerobic capacity
86
what are some specific sporting examples of fast oxidative glycolytic muscle fibres?
Moderate intensity Moderate duration 800 meter run 400 meter swim
87
What are the structural features of fast glycolytic muscle fibres?
Large neuron size Many fibres per neuron Low capillary density Low mitochondria density Low myoglobin content High PC stores
88
What are the functional features of fast glycolytic muscle fibres?
Fast contractile speed High force of contraction Low resistance to fatigue Low aerobic capacity High anaerobic capacity
89
What are specific sporting examples for fast glycolytic muscle fibres?
High intensity Short duration 100m run Javelin throw
90
what is the work:relief ratio ?
The volume of relief in relation to the volume of work.
91
What is the recovery rates for slow oxidative muscle fibres?
1:1 or 1:0.5 work:relief ratio eg. 10x three minute runs 90second recovery between each training can be performed safely on a daily basis Fibres fully recovered in 90 seconds Low intensity, use recommended between heavy weight training sessions to increase blood flow and enhance healing process
92
what are the recovery rates for fast oxidative glycolytic fibres?
1:2 work:relief ratio -designed to produce the last amounts of force quickly -More likely to be using high-intensity activities lasting a few minutes eg. 800m run
93
what are the recovery rates for fast glycolytic muscle fibres?
1:3 work:relief ratio 3-5 mins reset between sets of 2-6 reps -Thought to be recruitedvonly in the last 2 -20 seconds of contraction, near complete exhaustion, or when maximum effort is required -DOMS experienced 24-48 hours after -If used to exhaustion take 4 to 10 days to recover -Maximum weight training session should leave 48 hours before using the same muscle group again
94
Name a muscle in the trunk acting to maintain good posture and core stability
-transverse abdominis -Multifidis
95
What are the muscles that make up the rotator cuff group?
Teres minor Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Subscapularis

Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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