Skeletal and muscular systems

Question 1

Define ISOTONIC CONTRACTION

Answer 1

contractions that cause the muscle to change length, producing movement

Question 2

Define CONCENTRIC

Answer 2

contractions that cause the muscle to shorten e.g. bicep curl (upwards)

Question 3

Define ECCENTRIC

Answer 3

contractions that cause the muscle to lengthen e.g. bicep curl (downwards)

Question 4

Define ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION

Answer 4

there is no change in the length of the contracting muscle, causing no movement

Question 5

Define LATERAL

Answer 5

towards the outside

Question 6

Define MEDIAL

Answer 6

towards the middle

Question 7

Define POSTERIOR

Answer 7

towards the back

Question 8

Define ANTERIOR

Answer 8

towards the front

Question 9

What movement occurs at the HIP ?

Answer 9

• flexion
• extension
• adduction
• abduction
• medial rotation
• lateral rotation

Question 10

What movement occurs at the KNEE ?

Answer 10

• flexion

- extension`

Question 11

What movement occurs at the ANKLE ?

Answer 11

• plantar flexion

- dorsi flexion

Question 12

HIP : FLEXION : AGONIST

Answer 12

iliopsoas

Question 13

HIP : EXTENSION : AGONIST

Answer 13

gluteus maximus

Question 14

HIP : ADDUCTION : AGONIST

Answer 14

adductor longus

Question 15

HIP : ABDUCTION : AGONIST

Answer 15

gluteus medius

Question 16

HIP : M.ROTATION : AGONIST

Answer 16

gluteus medius

Question 17

HIP : L.ROTATION : AGONIST

Answer 17

gluteus maximus

Question 18

KNEE : FLEXION : AGONIST

Answer 18

bicep femoris

Question 19

KNEE : EXTENSION : AGONIST

Answer 19

rectus femoris

Question 20

ANKLE : PLANTAR FLEXION : AGONIST

Answer 20

gastrocnemius

Question 21

ANKLE : DORSI FLEXION : AGONIST

Answer 21

tibialis anterior

Question 22

SPINE : EXTENSION : AGONIST

Answer 22

erector spinae

Question 23

SPINE : FLEXION : AGONIST

Answer 23

rectus abdominus

Question 24

Describe the frontal plane

Answer 24

splits the body into front to back parts

Question 25

Describe the sagittal plane

Answer 25

splits the body into left and right parts

Question 26

Describe the transverse plane

Answer 26

splits the body into upper and lower parts

Question 27

Give a sporting example that goes through the frontal plane

Answer 27

a starjump

Question 28

Give a sporting example that goes through the sagittal plane

Answer 28

a somersalt

Question 29

Give a sporting example that goes through the transverse plane

Answer 29

arm action when throwing a discus

Question 30

Define the origin

Answer 30

the point of muscular attachment to a stationary bone which stays fixed during muscular contraction

Question 31

Define the insertion

Answer 31

the point of muscular attachment to a moveable bone which gets closer to the origin during muscular contraction

Question 32

Define the fixator

Answer 32

a muscle that stabilises a joint

Question 33

Descibe the structure of the motor unit

Answer 33

motor neurone, axon, muscle fibres

Question 34

What is the 'all or none' law?

Answer 34

depending on whether the action potential is above a threshold, all muscle fibres will contract or none will contract at all

Question 35

What are the three muscle types?

Answer 35

Slow oxidative, fast oxidative glycolytic, fast glycolytic

Question 36

Give 2 characteristics of slow oxidative muscle fibres

Answer 36

produces a small amount of force, high resistance to fatigue

Question 37

Give 2 characteristics of fast oxidative glycolytic muscle fibres

Answer 37

produces a large amount of force, moderate resistance to fatigue

Question 38

Give 2 characteristics of fast glycolytic muscle fibres

Answer 38

produces the largest force, low resistance to fatigue

Question 39

Give the function of flat bones and an example

Answer 39

protect internal organs e.g sternum

Question 40

Give the function of long bones and an example

Answer 40

act as levers for movements e.g femur

Question 41

Give the function of irregular bones and an example

Answer 41

protects the spinal cord e.g vertebrae

Question 42

Give the function of short bones and an example

Answer 42

weights bearing e.g carpals

Question 43

Give the function of sesamoid bones and an example

Answer 43

ease joint movements e.g patella

Question 44

Name the 5 features of a synovial joint

Answer 44

ligament, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, joint capsule, bursa

Question 45

Name the bones in the axial skeleton

Answer 45

cranium, sternum, rib cage, vertebral column

Question 46

EQ. Identify one of the quadricep muscles and the type of synovial joint at the knee. Outline the functional role and type of contraction in the quadriceps muscle during the preparation and execution of the kick. (6 marks)

Answer 46

- one quadricep muscle is the rectus femoris - the knee is a hinge joint - during the preparation of a kick, the rectus femoris is the antagonist - eccentrically contracts - during execution, the rectus femoris is the agonsit - concentrically contracts