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Pe > Skeletal And Muscular Systems(paper 1) > Flashcards

Skeletal And Muscular Systems(paper 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a ligament

A

A tough band of elastic connective tissue which connects bone to bone and aids with stability of a joint

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2
Q

What is synovial fluid

A

Lubricating liquid contained in joint cavity which reduces friction and nourishes the joint

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3
Q

What is articulate cartilage

A

Smooth tissue which covers the ends of bones which absorbs shock and allows friction free movement

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4
Q

What is the joint capsule

A

A fibrous sack with a inner synovial movement encloses and strengthens the joint

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5
Q

What is the bursa

A

A closes fluid filled sack where tendons run of bones and it reduces friction between tendons and bones

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6
Q

What movement is possible at a hinge joint

A

Flexion and extension

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7
Q

What movement is possible at a ankle joint

A

Dorsi and plantar flexion

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8
Q

What movement is possible at a ball and socket joint

A

Flexion and extension
Rotation
Abduction and adduction
Circumduction

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9
Q

What are the 6 muscles which cause movement at the shoulders

A

Anterior deltoid
Medial deltoid
Posterior deltoid
Trazius
latisamus dorsi
Pectoral major

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10
Q

What movements are possible at a pivot joint

A

Rotation

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11
Q

What movements are possible at a condyloid joint

A

Flexion and extension

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12
Q

In your wrist what muscle allows Movement

A

Wrist flexors

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13
Q

What is the sagital plane

A

Divides body left to right

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14
Q

What is the frontal plane

A

Divides body back to front

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15
Q

What is the transverse plane

A

Divides body top to bottom

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16
Q

Sporting example for all planes of movement

A

Transverse plane-spin in ice skating
Frontal plane-cartwheel
Sagittal plane-sommersualt

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17
Q

Agonists at the elbow contraction and exstension

A

Agonist-bicep brachi
Antagonist-tricep brachi

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18
Q

What is a motor neuron

A

A nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres

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19
Q

2 characteristics of slow oxidative muscle fibres

A

Store oxygen in myoglobin
High density of mitochondria
Work areobically so last long

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20
Q

2 characteristics of fast glycotic muscle fibres

A

Large amounts of phosphocreatine
Short duration between fatigue
work aneroebically

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21
Q

2 characteristics of fast oxidative glycotic muscle fibres

A

Large amounts of force
Able to resist fatigue
Large stores of phosphocreatine
Moderate mitochondria and myoglobin in order to resist fatigue

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22
Q

Example of a gliding joint

A

Spine

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23
Q

What is the agonist and antagonist in your spine when performing a sit up

A

Agonist ererctore spinae
Antagonist rectus abdominus

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24
Q

Which side of the Heart holds oxygenated blood

A

Left

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25
Q

what are the articulating bones in the ankle

A

Tibia
fibia
talus

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26
Q

what are the agonist and antagonist which cause flexion at the wrist

A

agonist=wrist flexors

antagonist=wrist extensors

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27
Q

agonist and antagonist that cause flexion at the elbow

A

agonist=bicep brachii

antagonist=tricep brachii

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28
Q

agonist and antagonist that cause flexion at the shoulder

A

agonist=anterior deltoid

antagonist=posterior deltoid

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29
Q

agonist and antagonist that cause flexion at the hip

A

agonist=ilipsoas

antagonist=gluteus maximus

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30
Q

agonist and antagonist that cause flexion at the knee

A

agonist=bicep femoris

antagonist=rectus femoris

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31
Q

agonist and antagonist that cause dorsi flexion at the ankle

A

agonist=tibialis anterior

antagonist=gastroncemius and soleus

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32
Q

what is a concentric muscle contraction

A

muscle shortens producing flexion-pulls two bones closer together=eg bicep curl

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33
Q

what is a eccentric muscle contraction

A

muscle contraction is when the muscle lengthens producing tension.
this resists forces such as gravity.-eg-downwards phase of bicep curl

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34
Q

what is a isometric muscle contraction

A

muscle contracts but doesn’t change length.

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35
Q

what are isotonic muscle contractions

A

muscular contraction which changes length during its contraction.
two ways=concentric and eccentric

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36
Q

what is a agonist

A

muscle responsible for causing movement=primary mover

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37
Q

what is a antagonist

A

muscle that opposes the agonist providing a resistance for co ordinated movement

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38
Q

what is a fixator

A

a muscle that stabalises one part of the body while another causes movement

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39
Q

what are the articulating bones in the knee

A

femur and tibia

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40
Q

what are the articulating bones in the hip

A

pelvic girdle and femur

41
Q

articulating bones in the shoulder

A

humerus and scapula

42
Q

articulating bones in the elbow

A

humerus radius and ulna

43
Q

articluating bones in the wrist

A

radius ulna and carpels

44
Q

what are the 5 stages of causing a movement

A

1=nerve impulse initiated in the motor neuron cell body

2=nerve impulse conducted down the axon of the motor neuron by a nerve action potential in the synaptic cleft

3=neurotransmitter called acetylcholine is secreted into the synaptic cleft to conduct the nerve impulse across the gap

4=if the electrical charge is above the threshold the muscle fibres will contract

5=this happens in a all or nothing movement.

45
Q

what are some characteristics of slow oxidative muscle fibres

A

muscle fibre rich in mitochondria,myoglobin and capillaries which produce a small amount of force over a long period of time

46
Q

what are some characteristics of fast glycotic muscle fibers

A

a type of muscle fibres rich in phosphocreatine which produces a maximum force over a short period of time

47
Q

what is phosphocreatine

A

a high energy compound stored in the muscle cell used as fuel for very high intensity energy production

48
Q

what are mitochondria

A

a structure in the sacroplasm responsible for aerobic energy production

49
Q

what is myloglobin

A

a protein in the muscle responsible for transporting oxygen to the mitochondria

50
Q

what is aerobic work

A

low intensity long duration exercise in presence of oxygen

51
Q

what is anaerobic work

A

high intensity short duration exercise in the absence of oxygen

52
Q

3 structural differences between the muscle fibers types

A

slow oxidative fast oxidative glycotic fast glycotic
-neuron size-small -large -large
-mitochondria-high -moderate -low
density
-phosphocreatine -high -high
stores-low

53
Q

functional differences between the muscle fibres types

A

slow oxidative-slow speed of contraction low force of contraction

fast oxidative glycotic-fast speed of contraction high force of contraction

fast glycotic-fast speed of contraction high force of contraction

54
Q

What are carpals

A

Bones in hands

55
Q

What is a motor neuron

A

Nerve cell which conducts a nerve impulse to a group of muscle fibres

56
Q

What is a Motor unit

A

A motor neuron and muscle fibres stimulated by its axon

57
Q

What is action potential

A

Positive electrical charge inside the nerve and muscle cells which conduct nerve impulse down a neuron and to the muscles fibre

58
Q

what is a pulmonary circuit

A

circulation of blood through pulmonary artery and vein to the lungs and back to the heart

59
Q

what is a systematic circuit

A

circulation of blood through aorta to body and vena cava to the heart

60
Q

what is a endothermic reaction

A

chemical reaction which absorbs energy

61
Q

what is a exothermic reaction

A

chemical reaction which gives out energy

62
Q

what is the site for the atp-pc system

A

sarcoplasm

63
Q

what is the sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm within muscle cell

64
Q

what is a coupled reaction

A

where the products of one reaction are used in another reaction

65
Q

what is creatine kinase

A

enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown phosphocreatine

66
Q

describe how atp is broken down

A

atpase breaks down atp into adp+p+energy
(exothermic)
Adp+p+energy=atp
(endothermic)

67
Q

Break down of pc

A

creatine kinase breaks down pc into p+c+energy

68
Q

describe how the atp-pc system is a coupled reaction

A

energy made in the breakdown of atp is used in the muscles
energy from the breakdown of pc is used to resynthesize atp by addidng p to adp

69
Q

what type of intensity is the atp system suitable for

A

very high intensity=2-10 seconds such as 100m

70
Q

what are some adv + disadv of atp system

A

adv-no delay for oxygen
-energy provided quickly

diadv-low atp yield small pc stores lead to fast fatigue

71
Q

describe the glycotic system

A

gpp catalyzes the reaction to convert stored glycogen into glucose and pfk break down glucose into pyruvic acid producing energy and 2 molecules of atp (1:2 yeild)

Pyruvic acid converted into lactic acid due to absence of oxygen which causes ldh to be released which catalyzes the reaction

build up of lactic acid inhibits enzyme activity causing fatigue

72
Q

where does the glycotic system take place

A

sarcoplasm

73
Q

what intensity of exercise is the glycotic system suitable for

A

high intensity up to 3 mins such as 800m.

74
Q

what are the three stages of the aerobic system

A

aerobic glycolysis
kreb cycle
electron transport chain

75
Q

what is aerobic glycolysis

A

same as glycolysis but instead of being converted into lactic acid it goes through the link reaction catalysed by coenzyme a which produces acetyl coa.

76
Q

What happens during the kreb cycle

A

acetyl coa combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid which is oxidised and produces enough energy to synthesise two atp molecules

77
Q

what happens during the electron transport chain

A

hydrogen atoms carried through etc by nad and fad which are electron carriers. Hydrogen ions are split into h+ and h- and oxidized and removed as h20.pairs of hydrogen carried by nadh produce enough energy to synthesize 30 atp molecules. Those carried by fadh release enough energy to synthesize 4 molecules of atp

78
Q

where is the site of reaction for the aerobic system

A

sarcoplasm and matrix + cristae of mitochondria

79
Q

what intensity of exercise is suitable for the aerobic system

A

low-moderate intensity
3min onwards

80
Q

what is epoc

A

volume of oxygen consumed post exercise to return a body to its pre exercise state

81
Q

what happens during the alactacid stage of epoc

A

fast component
resynthesize of atp and pc stores
myoglobin stores replenished

82
Q

what happens during the lactacid stage of epoc

A

slow component
removal of lactic acid
additional blood required to return body to pre exercise state
5-8 litres
to maintain minute ventillation,circulation and body temp

83
Q

what is altitude

A

height or elevation above sea level

84
Q

what is humidity

A

amount of water vapour in the air

85
Q

what are the short term effects of competing at high altitude

A

breathing rate increases
blood volume decreases
stroke volume decreases
cardiac output slight increase

86
Q

what are the long term effects of competing at high altitude

A

release of epo increases
breathing and ventilation rates stabilize
reduces stroke volume and cardiac output

87
Q

how long does it take to acclimatize to theses altitudes
a=1000-2000m
b=2000-3000m
c=3000+
d=5000+

A

a=3-5days
b=1-2weeks
c=2+weeks
d=4+weeks

88
Q

what is acclimatization

A

a process of the gradual adaptation to a change in environment

89
Q

what is thermoregulation

A

the process of maintaining internal core temp

90
Q

what is thermoreceptors

A

sensory receptors which detect change in tempature

91
Q

what is dehydration

A

loss of water in body tissues causes from over sweating

92
Q

what are the effects of humidity on the cardiovascular system

A

increase heart rate to compensate
decrease blood volume
vasodilation to increase blood flow
decrease venous return

93
Q

what are the effects of humidity on the respiratory system

A

increase mucus production
constriction of airways
increase breathing frequency
decrease volume of air for gaseous exchange

94
Q

what effects does humidity have on performance

A

increase lactic acid production
fatigue quicker
glucose stores used quicker

95
Q

how can a performer reduce the effects of high humidity

A

before competition =
acclimatization
cooling aids-delay dehydration

during competition=
pacing strategies
clothing that maximises heat loss
rehydration

post competition=
cooling aids
rehydrate

96
Q

Describe the passage air takes to get to the lungs

A

Enters the mouth travels through the nasal cavity then passes through the pharynx and larynx then into the tranchea and then either travels to the left or right branchii which leads to the left or right lung

97
Q
A
98
Q

After how long do muscle pc stored replenish

A

50%=30 s
100%=180 s

Pe (10 decks)

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