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Structural Kinesiology > Skeletal consideration for movement > Flashcards

Skeletal consideration for movement Flashcards

1
Q

What do bones require to grow and strengthen?

A

Mechanical stess

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2
Q

What is apart of the skeletal system?

A

Bones, cartilage, ligaments, and joints

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3
Q

What is physical activity important for?

A

Development, maintenance of skeletal intergrity and strength

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4
Q

What may cause osteoclast to activate?

A

A sedimentary lifestyle

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5
Q

What creates the greatest overload?

A

Muscle activity with external loads

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6
Q

What are 2 properties that bone has?

A

anisotropic and viscoelastic

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7
Q

What response depends on the direction of the load application?

A

Anisotropic

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8
Q

What response depends on the rate and duration of loading?

A

Viscoelastic

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9
Q

What allows bones to adapt to the force demand?

A

Viscoelastic

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10
Q

What can happen to stress over time?

A

The viscoelastic property of the bone can only stand a certain duration therefore things like stress fractures can occur

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11
Q

What is Wolffs Law?

A

Bone will be thicker at areas of high stress, and thinner at areas of low stress

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12
Q

Where is spongy bone found?

A

High stress areas

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13
Q

What is a response to decreased stress?

A

Bones become weaker, osteoclasts dominate

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14
Q

What is a response to increased stress

A

bones become stronger, osteoblasts dominate

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15
Q

What are some goals of physical activity in adolescents and adult hood?

A

Exercise may help attenuate loss

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16
Q

At what age does minimize decline and decrease by .05% per year?

A

40 years old

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17
Q

Who might lose a significant amount of bone mass?

A

Astronauts

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18
Q

When does your body adapt to carry least amount of bone mass?

A

Inactivity

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19
Q

What are the different types of loading

A

Compression, tension,sheer, torsion, Bending

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20
Q

What load does muscle apply to bones

A

Tension

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21
Q

What is considered compression?

A

Walking ( floor and body are applying equal pressure)

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22
Q

What force has the highest risk of injury

A

Sheer ( pressure is being applied to the shaft)

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23
Q

What force is compression and tension combined?

A

Bending

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24
Q

Sheer force of bone is a ______ and torsion is a type of ________

A

compression, tension

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25
Most compression comes from______ and most tension comes from _________.
The ground/body weight, muscle attachment
26
Stress equals
force applied
27
Strain equals
Deformation
28
What is the failure point in a bone?
Fracture
29
What are the 2 regions in the bone ( stress strain curve)
Elastic and plastic
30
When does the bone restore to normal shape?
When pressure is done being applied( elastic regions)
31
In what region would permanent deformation be in the bone?
Plastic region
32
What region is the quickest?
Plastic
33
What can this graph tell us?
Bone can handle a lot of Compression and not alot of shear force
34
What does the idealized stress strain curve tell us?
The about of force a material can handle before breaking and its pliability
35
what force is perpendicular?
Shear
36
What force is shown?
Compression
37
What force is shown?
Tension
38
What force is shown?
Shear
39
What force is shown?
Torsion
40
What force is shown?
Bending
41
What are the 2 types of bone fractures?
Traumatic and Stress fracture
42
When does a traumatic fracture occur?
When the bone goes past the plastic region
43
Resorption ______ bone
weakens
44
What can stress fracture result from
Low nutrients and repetitive muscle forces pulling on bone, muscle fatigue, not enough rest
45
What does muscle fatigue cause
reduced shock absorption
46
10% of injuries to who?
Athletes
47
What are 2 bone disorders
Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis
48
How can you reduce the risk of osteoporosis
proper nutrition and regular exercise
49
What is osteoarthritis?
Degenerative joint disease
50
What kind of person can have early-onset Osteoarthritis?
An athlete or someone with a history of a major injury to the joint
51
Osteoporosis is more common in women than men. True of False?
True
52
When does osteoporosis occur?
When resorption exceeds deposition, bones become porous and brittle.
53
Cartilage is firm, flexible _______
Tissue
54
Does cartilage have a blood supply or nerves?
No
55
How is cartilage nourished?
Fluid within joint
56
What is the function of Cartilage
reduces contact stress
57
What causes "cartilage pain"
The bones rubbing together under the cartilage
58
What are the 2 types of cartilage?
Articular/ hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage
59
Where does articular cartilage cover joint ends at?
articulations
60
Articular cartilage is _______ with __________ properties
Anisotropic, viscoelastic
61
What is an example of fibrocartilage
A lateral and medial meniscus, jaw, intervertebral disks
62
What are the functions of Fibrocartilage
Improve fit between bones, and Intermediary between hyaline cartilage other connections
63
Where is fibrocartilage located
In areas of high-pressure demands
64
What connects bone to bone
ligaments
65
What do ligaments consist of?
Collagen, elastin, and reticulin fibers
66
What two things have the same stress strain curve
Ligaments and tendons ( tendons are more elastic however)
67
What is the toe region?
Ligaments at rest
68
What do ligaments help?
They help prevent excessive movement
69
When there is an injury to ligament it is called a _______.
Sprain
70
What are the 3 types of ligaments
Capsular, extra capsular, and intracapsular
71
What is a Gh jt ligaments?
Capsular
72
what are the MCL and LCL of the knee
Extracapsular
73
What are the acl and pcl of the knee
Intracapsular
74
What do synovial joints have ?
Synovial cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, blood supply( not direct) , articular cartilages, and reinforcing ligaments
75
What are the types of diarthrodial joints?
Plane/ gliding, Hinge, Pivot, Condylar, Ellipsoid, Saddle, Ball-and-socket
76
What joint(s) are non axial ?
Plane/gliding ( bones shift to create movement else were.
77
What joint(s) are uniaxial?
Hinge and pivot
78
What joint(s) are biaxial?
Condylar, Ellipsoid, Saddle
79
What joint(s) are multiaxial
Ball-and-Socket and Saddle
80
What's an example of Plane/ gliding
Mid and inter carpal jts
81
What's an example of hinge
Interphalangeal and ulnohumeral
82
What's an example of Pivot?
Radioulnar
83
What's an example of condylar?
Metacarpophalangeal jt of digs 2-5, and tibiofemoral
84
What's an example of Ellipsoid?
Radiocarpal
85
What's an example of Saddle
Carpometacarpal of thumb
86
What's an example of Ball and socket?
Glenohumeral and Coxofemoral
87
What joints allow no movement?
Synarthrodial or Fibrous joints
88
What is the primary role of synarthrodial joints?
Stabilization
89
What joints are held together by fibrous articulations
Sutures of skull
90
How much movement is allowed with amphiarthrodial joints?
Limited movement, more than synarthorodial but much less than diarthrodial
91
What are bones made of?
25-30% water and 60-70% minerals and collagen
92
What are the functions of the skeleton?
Protection, storage, blood cell formation, support, attachment sites, movement and leverage
93
What type of cell is a osteoblast?
Bone forming cells
94
What are former osteoblasts that become trapped in the matrix they have deposited?
Osteocytes
95
What are bone dissolving cells found on the bone surface?
Osteoclast
96
Calcitonin inhibits _________
Osteoclasts
97
Parathyroid activates __________.
osteoclast
98
What percentage of the osseous extracellular metric is organic components?
35
99
What are the organic components?
Collagen fibers, osteoblasts, ground substance
100
What creates the hardness of the bone?
Hydroxyapatite
101
What happens if mineral is removed?
too pliable
102
What happens if collagen is removed?
too brittle
103
What are the 2 types of bone?
Spongy(cancellous) and compact
104
Where is bone marrow found in spongy bone?
Between/around trabeculae
105
What are the different types of bone?
Long, short, flat sesmoid, and irregular
106
What is the function of long bone?
leverage and movement
107
What is the function of short bone?
balance of movement and stability
108
What is the function of flat bone?
protection and muscle attachment
109
What is the function of sesamoid bone?
helps with distribution of force
110
what is the function of irregular bone?
protection
111
Where does bone growth come from?
Growth plate
112
The growth plate is _________ when you are still growing and turns to ________ in adulthood.
cartilage, bone
113
When should all epiphyseal closure end?
25 years old
114

Structural Kinesiology (9 decks)

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