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BIO 102 Quarterly 2 > Skeletal-Muscle Systems > Flashcards

Skeletal-Muscle Systems Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What is Locomotion?

A

active travel from place to place

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2
Q

What does locomotion require?

A

Energy to overcome friction and gravity

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3
Q

What is friction?

A

resistance to motion of one object moving relative to another

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4
Q

What is gravity?

A

the force that attracts a body toward the center of the earth

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5
Q

What two systems are used as a result of animal movement?

A

muscles and skeletal systems

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6
Q

What do skeletons provide?

A

body support, movement by working with muscles, and protection of internal organs

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7
Q

What are the three types of skeletons?

A

Hydrostatic, Exoskeletons, and Endoskeletons

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8
Q

What are Hydrostatic Skeletons

A

consist of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment

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9
Q

What are exoskeletons?

A

rigid external skeletons

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10
Q

What are endoskeletons?

A

consists of hard or leathery supporting elements situated among the soft tissues of an animal

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11
Q

What are Hox-genes?

A

variations of skeletal arrangement in vertebrates due to master control (homeotic genes)

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12
Q

True or False: Master control (homeotic) genes are active during the early development and direct the arrangement of the skeleton (vertebrate structure)

A

True

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13
Q

What are the two division of vertebrate skeleton?

A

Axial and appendicular skeleton

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14
Q

All vertebrate have what type of skeleton?

A

Axial Skeleton

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15
Q

An axial skeleton:

A

supports the axis, or trunk, of the body (~80 bones including the skull, vertebrae, ribs)

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16
Q

Most vertebrate also have what skeleton?

A

Appendicular Skeleton

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17
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

includes the appendages and the
bones that anchor the appendages
(~126 bones including
arms, legs, shoulder girdle, and
pelvic girdle)

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18
Q

What are the types of bones?

A

Flat, Long, Sesamoid, Irregular, Short

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19
Q

What are flat bones?

A

misnomer because, typically thin and often curved; serve as points of
attachment for muscles; often protect internal organs

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20
Q

What are long bones?

A

cylindrical in shape, function as levers; they move when muscles contract

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21
Q

What are Sesamoid bones?

A

small, round bone (sesame seed like) that protect tendons by helping them overcome compressive forces.
They vary in number & placement from person to person

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22
Q

What are irregular bones?

Study These Flashcards
A

tend to have more complex
shapes, like the vertebrae that
support the spinal cord and
protect it from compressive
forces

23
Q

What are short bones?

Study These Flashcards
A

cube-like in shape, provide stability & support and have limited motion

24
Q

What are the roles of tendons and ligaments, which are both considered to be dense connective tissue comprised of collagen with different function, in regards to movement?

Study These Flashcards
A

Tendons facilitate movement by connecting muscles to bones, while ligaments provide stability by connecting bones at the joints.

25
Bone contains living cells that secrete a surrounding material, or matrix. What two substances/molecules is the matrix primarily composed of?
Collagen, and minerals (calcium and phosphate)
26
What is endochondral ossification?
the process of bone development (osteoblasts) from hyaline cartilage
27
What is periosteum?
connective tissue on the outside of bone that acts as the interface between bone, blood vessels, tendons, and ligaments
28
What is trabeculae?
branching plates of bone
29
Where is trabeculae found?
In spongy (cancellous) bones
30
What are the three most common types of joints in your body?
Ball & socket, hinge, and pivot
31
True or False: Healthy bones resist stress and heal form injuries
True
32
What are osteocytes?
mature bone cells that repair bones and reshape bones throughout life
33
What are osteoblasts?
bone forming cells (B=Blasts=Build)
34
What are osteoclasts?
bone-resorbing cells (C=Clasts='Kill')
35
What are joints?
points of connection between bones
36
What is cardiac muscle tissue?
striated, involuntary muscle located in the heart, which pumps blood
37
What is skeletal muscle tissue?
striated, voluntary muscle attached to bones, that deals with movement
38
What is smooth muscle tissue?
striated, involuntary tissue found in the walls of internal organs that deals with involuntary movement
39
What are myocytes?
tubular cells, which are also known as muscle fibers in striated muscle
40
What are myofibrils?
contain filaments compiled primarily of protein that are the contracting unit of a striated muscle cell
41
What are sarcomeres?
Repeating groups of overlapping thick and think filaments
42
Describe the sliding-filament model of contraction.
The sarcomere contracts (shortens) when actin (thin) filaments slide along the myosin (thick) filaments. This occurs what the ATP on the myosin head "loses" a phosphate groups and become ADP. This creates energy, allowing the actin filaments connected to the z-line to slide along the myosin filaments connected to the m-line.
43
True of False: Filaments change length
False
44
What is a motor unit?
muscle fibers and neurons that allow a skeletal muscle fiber to contract
45
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
a specialized endoplasmic reticulum found in muscle cells. When motor neurons stop sending action potentials to the muscle fibers, contraction stops
46
What are the types of muscle contractions?
Isotonic, Concentric and Eccentric
47
What are isotonic muscle contractions?
same tension-changing length
48
What are concentric muscle contractions?
muscle tension that overcomes load and muscles shorten
49
What are eccentric muscle contractions?
When load is more than peak tension produced, muscles lengthen
50
What are the two types of muscle twitch?
slow and fast twitch fibers
51
What are slow twitch fibers?
cycle myosin more slowly; full of myoglobin. Constant slow contraction ATP from cellular respiration
52
What are fast twitch fibers?
cycle myosin movement faster and generate more power, but for shorter stretches; ATP from fermentation. Furious contractions
53
True or False: Humans posses both slow and fast twitch muscle fibers
True, but some use more of one type than another
54
Which twitch fibers are more beneficial for a sprinter?
Fast twitch fibers! They're designed for endurances and prolonged activates, and they're more effective at using oxygen to generate energy *they can re-train their body to use slow twitch fibers if they want to become a long distance runner

BIO 102 Quarterly 2 (5 decks)

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