Skeletal System Flashcards by Laney Thornton

2 Types of Skeletons

Axial Skeleton and Appendicular Skeleton

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Bones in Axial Skeleton

Made up of 80 bones - skull, vertebrate, rib cage, and sternum

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Bones in Appendicular Skeleton

Made up of 126 bones - pectoral girdle, arms, forearms, hands, pelvis, legs, feet, and ankles

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Total Bones in the Human Body

206 bones in human body

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Functions of the Skeletal System

Support and protect, body movement, produces blood cells, and storage of minerals and fat

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5 Classifications of Bones - Long Bone

Features - cylinder shape; longer than it is wide
Functions - leverage
Examples - femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, humerus, ulna, radius, metacarpals, and phalanges

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5 Classifications of Bones - Short Bone

Features - cube shape; equal length, width, thickness
Functions - provide support and stability while allowing some motion
Examples - carpals and tarsals

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5 Classifications of Bones - Flat Bone

Features - thin; curved
Functions - points of attachments for muscles; protects internal organs
Examples - sternum, ribs, scapulae, and cranial bones

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5 Classifications of Bones - Irregular Bone

Features - complex shape
Functions - protects internal organs
Examples - vertebrae and facial bones

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5 Classifications of Bones - Sesamoid Bone

Features - small and round; embedded in tendons
Functions - protects tendons from compressive forces
Examples - patellae

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Epiphysis

2 ends of the long bone
PROXIMAL epiphysis - closest to the body’s center
DISTAL epiphysis - further away from the body’s center

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Diaphysis

Bone shaft

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Articular Cartilage

At the tip of the proximal epiphysis - hyaline cartilage, padding

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Periosteum

Membrane that covers the entire bone

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Medullary Cavity

Hollow chamber filled with bone marrow

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Functions of Red Bone Marrow

Where red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are created

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Functions of Yellow Bone Marrow

Where cartilage, fat, and bone are produced

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Compact Bone Tissue

Wall of diaphysis

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Spongy Bone Tissue

Cancellous, epiphysis - red bone marrow

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Pivot Joint

Movement - uniaxial joint; allows rotational movement

Example - atlantoaxial joint (C1-C2 articulation), proximal radioulnar joint

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Hinge Joint

Movement - uniaxial joint; allows flexion/extension movements
Example - knee, elbow, ankle, interphalangeal joints of fingers and toes

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Condyloid Joint

Movement - biaxial joint; allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction movements
Example - metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints of fingers, radiocarpal joint of wrist, metatarsophalangeal joints for toes

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Saddle Joint

Movement - biaxial joint; allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and circumduction movements
Example - first carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, sternoclavicular joint

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Plane Joint

Movement - multiaxial joint; allows inversion and eversion of foot, or flexion, extension, and lateral flexion of the vertebral column
Example - intertarsal joints of foot; superior-inferior articular process articulations between vertebrae

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Ball-and-Socket Joint

Movement - multiaxial joint; allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, and medial/lateral rotation movements

Flexion/Extension

Flexion - | Extension -

Abduction/Adduction/Circumduction

Abduction - Adduction - Circumduction -

Rotation - Medial/Lateral

Medial Rotation - | Lateral Rotation -

Supination/Pronation

Supination - | Pronation -

Dorsiflexion/Plantar Flexion

Dorsiflexion - | Plantarflexion -

Inversion/Eversion

Inversion - | Eversion -

Protraction/Retraction

Protraction - | Retraction -

Depression/Elevation

Depression - | Elevation -

Opposition/Reposition

Opposition - | Reposition -

How many bones are in the cranium?

22 bones

What is the only moveable bone in your skull?

Mandible - lower jaw

Five vertebral regions (superior to inferior)

``` Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacrum Coccyx ```

How many vertebrae are in cervical?

7 vertebrae in the cervical

How many vertebrae are in thoracic?

12 vertebrae in the thoracic

How many vertebrae are in lumbar?

5 vertebrae in lumbar

Scoliosis

An abnormal, lateral curvature, accompanied by twisting of the vertebral column

Kyphosis

An excessive posterior curvature in the thoracic region

Lordosis

An excessive anterior curvature of the lumbar region and is most commonly associated with obesity or late pregnancy

What does the thoracic cage protect?

Heart and Lungs

Costal Cartilage

Bars of hyaline cartilage which serve to prolong the ribs forward and contribute very materially to the elasticity of the walls of the thorax

Three types of ribs - how many of each

``` True Ribs (vertebrosternal ribs) - ribs 1-7 (7 ribs) False Ribs (vertebrochondral ribs) - ribs 8-12 (5 ribs) False Floating Ribs - ribs 11-12 (2 ribs) ```

Main bones of the pectoral girdle

Scapula | Clavicle

Humerus - location

Long bone in are between elbow and shoulder

Radius - location

Lower part of your arm between wrist and elbow - when standing in anatomical position, is the bone on the outside; thumb side

Ulna - location

Lower part of your arm between wrist and elbow - when standing in anatomical position, is the bone on the inside; pinkey side

Carpals - location

Your wrist area

Metacarpals - location

Finger bones in your hand before your finger limbs

Phalanges - location

Fingers and toes

Femur - location

Thigh bone

Tibia - location

Shin bone; big toe side

Fibula - location

Shin bone, pinkey toe side

Tarsals - location

Back part of your foot

Metatarsals - location

Toe bones in your foot before your toe limbs

Closed Fracture (simple)

A fracture in which the skin remains intact

Open Fracture (compound)

A fracture in which at least on end of the broken bone tears through the skin; carries a high risk of infection

Transverse Fracture

Occurs straight across the long axis of the bone

Spiral Fracture

Bone segments are pulled apart as a result of a twisting motion

Comminuted Fracture

Several breaks result in many small pieces between two large segments

Impacted Fracture

One fragment is driven into the other; usually as a result of compression

Greenstick Fracture

A partial fracture in which only one side of the bone is broken

Oblique Fracture

Occurs at an angle that is not 90 degress