Skeletal System

Question 1

Bone is a _______ organ

Answer 1

dynamic

Question 2

What type of tissue is typical thought of as bone?

Answer 2

osseous tissue

Question 3

CT stands for?

Answer 3

Connective Tissue

Question 4

3 categories for neurovasculature?

Answer 4

nerve, artery, vein

Question 5

Functions of the skeleton system? (6)

Answer 5

• support
• protection
• assistance in movement
• mineral storage/release
• blood cell production
• triglyceride storage

Question 6

True/False: Juvenile bones produce have more red bone marrow

Answer 6

True - adults only have red bone marrow in certain places, the rest differentiates into yellow bone marrow

Question 7

Triglyceride storage is a ______ storage.

Answer 7

energy (fatty)

Question 8

%s for extracellular matrix?

Answer 8

15% water
30% collagen fibers
55 % mineral salts

Question 9

match:
collagen fibers | organic
mineral salts | inorganic

Answer 9

collagen fibers | organic

mineral salts | inorganic

Question 10

Why don’t mineral salts harden elsewhere in the body?

Answer 10

Hardens in the presence of collagen fibers

Question 11

“Blast” means _______

“Clast” means _______

Answer 11

“Blast” means secretion

“Clast” means resorption/breakdown

Question 12

Collagen fibers makes bones more ______ and help with _________ pressure

Answer 12

flexible, tensile

Question 13

Mineral salts makes bones more ______ and help with _________ pressure

Answer 13

rigid, impact?

Question 14

True/false: collagen fibers are needed for movement

Answer 14

True

Question 15

4 types of osseous tissue?

Answer 15

Osteogenic cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

Question 16

Lifecycle of osseous cells?

Answer 16

Osteogenic cells -> Osteoblasts -> Osteocytes

Osteoblasts form from monocytes (up to 50)

Question 17

What is the function of osteoblasts? Where are they found?

Answer 17

Build bone. Near the Periosteum and the Endosteum.

Question 18

What is the osteocyte and its function?

Answer 18

Osteocytes are mature bone cells. They are surrounded by their own secretions and no longer produce, however they remain alive and communicate with each other (via processes) to upkeep the daily metabolism of the bone

Question 19

True/False: Osteoclasts are smaller than other types of osseous tissue

Answer 19

False: Osteoclasts are bigger than the rest

Question 20

What is special about osteoclast membrane?

Answer 20

It has a “ruffled border” - an extremely infolded type of plasma membrane that secretes lysosomal enzymes to breakdown bone.

Question 21

Two types of bone + alternate names (2 each)

Answer 21

Compact (Cortical, Dense)

Spongey (Tracecular, Cancellous)

Question 22

Where do you find spongey bone? (4)

Answer 22

Epiphysis of long bones
Flat bones (ie. skullcap)
irregular bones (ie. spinal column)
short bones (carpal bones)

Question 23

Where do you fine compact bone?

Answer 23

Middle part/Diaphysis of long bones

thin layer outside any bone (for protection)

Question 24

Name a benefit of spongey bone over compact.

Answer 24

Reduced weight
- easier movement
- protects red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow
Contains large spaces

Question 25

Compact: Strength in ______ Spongey: Strength in ______

Answer 25

bending, compression

Question 26

Compact bone has a ______ -like appearance?

Answer 26

tree-like

Question 27

What are osteons?

Answer 27

Structural units of compact bone

Question 28

What are Haversian systems?

Answer 28

Osteons

Question 29

Osteons are organized along ______ __ ______

Answer 29

lines of stress

Question 30

What are lamellae?

Answer 30

Concentric rings made of mineralized/hardened extracellular matrix within an osteon

Question 31

What is at the center of an osteon? (4ish)

Answer 31

osteocytes, central canal, artery/vein/nerve, lymphatics

Question 32

What are lacunae and where are they located

Answer 32

little holes containing osteocytes, within the concentric lamellae

Question 33

True/false: an osteon only has 1 lacunae

Answer 33

False: an osteon is associated with multiple lacunae (and osteocytes)

Question 34

Extensions of lacunae are called _______. What are their function?

Answer 34

canaliculi, allow for osteocyte processes to sit and communicate with each other

Question 35

Interstitial lamellae are important for?

Answer 35

The breakdown of old osteons

Question 36

What are Volkmann's canals?

Answer 36

Perforating canals that allow neurovascular to get into the bone. They penetrate the periosteum and compact bone

Question 37

Why is neurovasculature important?

Answer 37

Blood supply is needed to allow the bone to by dynamic (nutrients and oxygen supply)

Question 38

Circumferential lamellae are along the ______ of the bone.

Answer 38

entirety (outside)

Question 39

The periosteum adheres closely to the __________

Answer 39

circumferential lamellae

Question 40

Circumferential lamellae is important for _______ growth

Answer 40

appositional (width)

Question 41

Synonyms for diaphysis?

Answer 41

shaft, body

Question 42

Metaphysis?

Answer 42

Present only in a growing individual, region between epiphysis and diaphysis

Question 43

Metaphysis components?

Answer 43

hyaline cartilage/epiphyseal plate that will grow and harden into bone

Question 44

Why does cartilage not replace itself when damaged?

Answer 44

No blood supply

Question 45

Articular cartilage?

Answer 45

found on the end of all long bones

Question 46

Layers of the periosteum?

Answer 46

- tough fibrous outer layer | - inner osteogenic layer

Question 47

What cells are common to the region between the compact bone and periosteum?

Answer 47

Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts

Question 48

What are Sharpey's fibers?

Answer 48

fibers that enter into the bony matrix to allow for close adherence between the periosteum and compact bone

Question 49

Where are triglyceride storage in a bone?

Answer 49

Medullary cavity

Question 50

What lines the edge of the medullary cavity?

Answer 50

endosteum, similar in structure to the periosteum, with lots of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Question 51

What lines the edge of the medullary cavity?

Answer 51

endosteum, similar in structure to the periosteum, with lots of osteoblasts and osteoclasts