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HUBS191 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A 
Support
Movement
Protection
Storage
Production
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2
Q

Function of compact bone

A

Strong, good at transmitting force in one direction

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3
Q

Function of cancellous (trabecular) bone

A

Shock absorption (light and spongy), resists and channels forces from multiple directions, produces red blood cells.

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4
Q

Long bones

A

Longer than they are wide, act as levers, thick compact bone in diaphysis.

Made of epiphysis, medullary cavity and diaphysis

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5
Q

Short bones

A

Closer to equal width and length, can bear weight in multiple directions and are mostly composed of cancellous bone

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6
Q

Flat bones

A

Usually intended as muscle attachment surfaces or protective plates, composed of outer layers of compact bone over cancellous volumes

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7
Q

Irregular bones

A

Various shapes and functions. Not round, flat, square or predominantly cancellous. Often have foramen

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8
Q

Cranium vault

A

Encloses brain (internally), lots of space for muscle attachments (externally)

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9
Q

Facial bones

A

Makes housing of eyes nose and mouth

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10
Q

Vertebral collumn

A

Directs weight force down ward for support and erect positioning. Made of:

  • Cervical bones 1-7
  • Thoracic bones 1-12
  • Lumbar bones 1-5
  • Sacral bones 1-5 (2-5 are fused)
  • Coccyx (fused)
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11
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

Made of clavicle, floating scapula for upper limb attachment with large mobility

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12
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

Made of hip bones and sacrum, bigger and more powerfully bound for weight bearing and directing force into lower limbs (and into ground, for movement)

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13
Q

Dimorphic

A

Differing by gender

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14
Q

Bone local adaptation

A

Bones are plastic and can remodel to an extent to assist in the dealing with of consistently applied forces on an individual by thickening, thinning or adjusting cancellous bone force direction

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15
Q

Organic ECM (bone matrix)

A

Makes up a third of the bone matrix, consists of collagen fibers in a ground substance, the fibers provide resistance against brittleness and tension

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16
Q

Inorganic ECM (bone matrix)

A

Makes up two thirds of the bone matrix. Composed of hydroxyapatite and other minerals. Minerals provide the strength and rigidity of bones aka resisting compression.

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17
Q

Cellular component of Bone Matrix

A

Only makes up 2% of bone weight by volume, responsible for directing homeostasis and local adaptations of bone

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18
Q

Osteogenic cell

A

Stem cells that produce osteoblasts

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19
Q

Osteoblast

A

Produce new bone matrix

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20
Q

Osteoclast

A

Deconstruct old bone matrix

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21
Q

Osteocyte

A

Maintain the bone matrix by recycling proteins and minerals of the ECM and communicating the needs of bone homeostasis

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22
Q

Osteon structure

A

Cylindrical structure with a central canal organized parallel to one another to form compact bone. Macroscopically dense with foramen for blood supply to canal.

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23
Q

Trabecular structure

A

Struts of lamella, osteocytes housed in lacunae on surface of lamella and marrow fills the space between lamella to form cancellous bone. No central canal, diffusion is enough.

24
Q

Osteon

A

A single longitudinal cylinder in the osteon structure of compact bone. Each has a canal housing blood vessels and nerves running through its centre

25
Q

Central (Haversian) canal

A

Osteon structure (compact bone) only. Houses blood vessels and nerves.

26
Q

Lamellae

A

Series of rings form of ECM, in osteon structure this is around a central canal, in trabecular there is no canal so lamellae is solid

27
Q

Lacunae

A

Pools of osteocytes housed perpendicular to and in lamella length.

28
Q

Canaliculi

A

Channels for osteocytes through the ECM, allowing communication of homeostatic maintenance and delivery of nutrients. Connects to central canal in compact bone and to adjacent cavities in cancellous

29
Q

Appositional Growth

A

Widens bone. Osteoblasts add bone matrix to periosteum, osteoclasts remove and recycle matrix from lamella at inner surface

30
Q

Bone homeostasis

A

Osteoblast activity is equal to osteoclast activity allowing the body to mobilize minerals bound in the bone matrix and to facilitate the plastic responses of remodelling

31
Q

Osteoporosis

A

The clinical stage of osteopenia where destruction of bone matrix has taken over it’s rate of creation. This results in weaker less compact bone and thinner structurally compromised cancellous bone. Compression fractures become more likely.

32
Q

Periosteum

A
  • Except within joint cavities, covers all bones
  • Isolates bone from surrounding tissue
  • Provides route for blood/nervous supply
  • Actively participates in growth, repair, remodelling
33
Q

Perforating fibres

A

Cement collagen fibers into lamella from tendons/ligaments and joint capsules. Often stronger than the bone it’s attached to

34
Q

Endosteum

A
  • Covers trabeculae structure of spongy bone, lines inner surfaces of central canal in compact bone
  • Simple flattened layer of osteogenic cells covering bone matrix
  • Few or no intervening connective fibers
  • Where endosteum isn’t covering bone matrix with osteogenic cells, is where bone matrix can be build or removed
35
Q

Osteoclastic crypt

A

Space of small depression in endosteum where osteoclasts have cleared bone

36
Q

Primary ossification

A

First part of bone made in center of cartilage in endochondral ossification. This is the diaphysis of long bones

37
Q

Secondary ossification

A

Secondary points of ossification during endochondral ossification. In long bones, this is the epiphysis

38
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Of hyaline cartilage. Separates primary and secondary ossifications. As cartilage grows, chondrocytes die and leave canals that guide osteoblast production, this makes bones grow in length

39
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Articular cartilage between two bones at a joint. Creates smooth friction reduced surface. Collagen fibers are barely visible and the high water content in it’s matrix make it compression resistant

40
Q

Chondrocyte

A

Sit within lacunae of cartilage matrix, responsible for constructing matrix.

41
Q

Nutrient delivery to Cartilge

A

Movement causes blood to move through joint, compression drives higher diffusion rate

42
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Thick bundles of collagen oriented with tension forces. Moderate water content. Generally found in joints under both compression and tension. Distributes forces over wider area

43
Q

Dense fibrous connective tissue (DFCT)

A

Composed of collagen and elastin, makes up tendons and ligaments. Alignment of fibers enables resistance of tension. Some direct blood supply

44
Q

Fibroblast

A

DFCT cell

45
Q

Bony congruence

A

Sum of bone surfaces at articulation

Less congruence means more soft tissue support is needed to distribute force

46
Q

Fibrous joint

A

DFCT forms ligaments which holds two bones two bones firmly in place such as in the sutures of skull

47
Q

Cartilaginous joint

A

Connected entirely by cartilage, made of fibrocartilage and composes structures sure as intervertebral disks or pubis symphyses where high elasticity and compression resistance is required.

48
Q

Subchondral

A

Bone underneath articular hyaline cartilage (bone ends)

49
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Produces synovial fluid for lubrication of joint

50
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Contains some level of nutrients. It’s fluidity is good at absorbing shock and reducing friction at the joint

51
Q

Joint loading

A

Cartilage is compressed at joint, pressing out old synovial fluid. When cartilage is decompressed after loading, the cartilage expands taking up a new volume of fluid

52
Q

Joint capsule (5)

A
  • Sheet of DFCT
  • Continuous with periosteum
  • Holds bones together
  • Thickens for support, thins to allow movement
  • Container of potential space on joints
53
Q

Capsular ligament

A

Continuous with joint capsule. Thickened region of joint capsule that prevents movement in directions detrimental to the joint

54
Q

Intracapsular ligament

A

Separate from joint capsule, but contained within it. Composed of DFCT, prevents movement of bones in directions detrimental to joint

55
Q

Fibrocartilaginous structure

A

Consists of a mixture of white fibrous tissue (for toughness) and cartilaginous tissue (for elasticity) in various proportions.

56
Q

Miniscus

A

Sits between articular cartilage, made of fibrocartilage, absorbs shock and helps better direct force between joints

HUBS191 (3 decks)

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